The Origins of the Domesticated Grapevine

Domesticated grapevine (Vitis vinifera, sometimes called V. sativa) was one of the most important fruit species in the classic Mediterranean world, and it is the most important economic fruit species in the modern world today. As in the ancient past, sun-loving grapevines are today cultivated to produce fruits, which are eaten fresh (as table grapes) or dried (as raisins), and, most especially, to make wine, a drink of great economic, cultural, and symbolic value. The Vitis family consists of about 60 inter-fertile species that exist almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere: of those, V. vinifera is the only one extensively used in the global wine industry. Approximately 10,000 cultivars of V. vinifera exist today, although the market for wine production is dominated by only a handful of them. Cultivars are typically classified according to whether they produce wine grapes, table grapes, or raisins. Domestication History Most evidence indicates that V. vinifera was domesticated in Neolithic southwest Asia between ~6000–8000 years ago, from its wild ancestor V. vinifera spp. sylvestris, sometimes referred to as V. sylvestris. V. sylvestris, while quite rare in some locations, currently ranges between the Atlantic coast of Europe and the Himalayas. A second possible center of domestication is in Italy and the western Mediterranean, but so far the evidence for that is not conclusive. DNA studies suggest that one reason for the lack of clarity is the frequent occurrence in the past of purposeful or accidental cross-breeding of domestic and wild grapes. The earliest evidence for wine production—in the form of chemical residues inside pots—is from Iran at Hajji Firuz Tepe in the northern Zagros mountains about 7400–7000 BP. Shulaveri-Gora in Georgia had residues dated to the 6th millennium BC. Seeds from what are believed to be domesticated grapes have been found in Areni Cave in southeastern Armenia, about 6000 BP, and Dikili Tash from northern Greece, 4450–4000 BCE. DNA from grape pips thought to be domesticated was recovered from Grotta della Serratura in southern Italy from levels dated to 4300–4000 cal BCE. In Sardinia, the earliest dated fragments come from the Late Bronze Age levels of the Nuragic culture settlement of Sa Osa, 1286–1115 cal BCE. Diffusion By about 5,000 years ago, grapevines were traded out to the western margin of the Fertile Crescent, the Jordan Valley, and Egypt. From there, the grape was spread throughout the Mediterranean basin by various Bronze Age and Classical societies. Recent genetic investigations suggest that at this distribution point, the domestic V. vinifera was crossed with local wild plants in the Mediterranean. According to the 1st century BCE Chinese historical record Shi Ji, grapevines found their way into East Asia in the late 2nd century BCE, when General Qian Zhang returned from the Fergana Basin of Uzbekistan between 138–119 BCE. Grapes were later brought to Changan (now Xian city) via the Silk Road. Archaeological evidence from the steppe society Yanghai Tombs indicates, however, that grapes were grown in the Turpan Basin (at the western edge of what is today China) by at least 300 BCE. The founding of Marseille (Massalia) about 600 BCE is thought to have been connected with grape cultivation, suggested by the presence of a large number of wine amphorae from its early days. There, Iron Age Celtic people bought large quantities of wine for feasting; but overall viticulture was slow-growing until, according to Pliny, retired members of the Roman legion moved to the Narbonnaisse region of France at the end of the 1st century BCE. These old soldiers grew grapes and mass-produced wine for their working colleagues and the urban lower classes. Differences Between Wild and Domestic Grapes The main difference between wild and domestic forms of grape is the wild forms ability to cross-pollinate: wild V. vinifera can self-pollinate, while domestic forms cannot, which allows farmers to control a plants genetic characteristics. The domestication process increased the size of bunches and berries, and the berrys sugar content as well. The end result was greater yields, more regular production, and better fermentation. Other elements, such as larger flowers and a wide range of berry colors—particularly white grapes—are believed to have been bred into the grape later in the Mediterranean region. None of these characteristics are identifiable archaeologically, of course: for that, we must rely on changes in grape seed (pips) size and shape and genetics. In general, wild grapes bear roundish pips with short stalks, while domestic varieties are more elongated, with long stalks. Researchers believe the change results from the fact that larger grapes have larger, more elongated pips. Some scholars suggest that when pip shape varies within a single context, that probably indicates viticulture in process. However, in general, using shape, size, and form is only successful if the seeds were not deformed by carbonization, water-logging, or mineralization. All of those processes are what allows grape pits to survive in archaeological contexts. Some computer visualization techniques have been used to examine pip shape, techniques which hold promise to resolve this issue. DNA Investigations and Specific Wines So far, DNA analysis doesnt really help either. It supports the existence of one and possibly two original domestication events, but so many deliberate crossings since then have blurred researchers ability to identify the origins. What does seem apparent is that cultivars were shared across wide distances, along with multiple events of vegetative propagation of specific genotypes throughout the wine-making world. Speculation is rampant in the non-scientific world about the origins of specific wines: but so far scientific support of those suggestions is rare. A few that are supported include the Mission cultivar in South America, which was introduced into South America by Spanish missionaries as seeds. Chardonnay is likely to have been the result of a medieval-period cross between Pinot Noir and Gouais Blanc that took place in Croatia. The Pinot name dates to the 14th century and might have been present as early as the Roman Empire. And Syrah/Shiraz, despite its name suggesting an Eastern origination, arose from French vineyards; as did Cabernet Sauvignon. Sources Bouby, Laurent, et al. Bioarchaeological Insights into the Process of Domestication of Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L.) During Roman Times in Southern France. PLoS ONE 8.5 (2013): e63195. Print.Gismondi, Angelo, et al. Grapevine Carpological Remains Revealed the Existence of a Neolithic Domesticated Vitis Vinifera L. Specimen Containing Ancient DNA Partially Preserved in Modern Ecotypes. Journal of Archaeological Science 69.Supplement C (2016): 75-84. Print.Jiang, Hong-En, et al. Archaeobotanical Evidence of Plant Utilization in the Ancient Turpan of Xinjiang, China: A Case Study at the Shengjindian Cemetery. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 165-77. Print.McGovern, Patrick E., et al. Beginnings of Viniculture in France. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110.25 (2013): 10147-52. Print.Orrà ¹, Martino, et al. Morphological Characterisation of Vitis Vinifera L. Seeds by Image Analysis and Comparison with Archaeological Remains . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22.3 (2013): 231-42. Print.Pagnoux, Clà ©mence, et al. Inferring the Agrobiodiversity of Vitis Vinifera L. (Grapevine) in Ancient Greece by Comparative Shape Analysis of Archaeological and Modern Seeds. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 75-84. Print.Ucchesu, Mariano, et al. Predictive Method for Correct Identification of Archaeological Charred Grape Seeds: Support for Advances in Knowledge of Grape Domestication Process. PLOS ONE 11.2 (2016): e0149814. Print.Ucchesu, Mariano, et al. Earliest Evidence of a Primitive Cultivar of Vitis Vinifera L. During the Bronze Age in Sardinia (Italy). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.5 (2015): 587-600. Print.Wales, Nathan, et al. The Limits and Potential of Paleogenomic Techniques for Reconstructing Grapevine Domestication. Journal of Archaeological Science 72.Supplement C (2016): 57-70. Print.Zhou, Yongfeng, et al. Evolutionary Genomics of Grape (Vitis Vinifera Ssp. Vinifera) Domestic ation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.44 (2017): 11715-20. Print.

Synthesis Essay Winston Churchill - 1226 Words

Synthesis Essay – Winston Churchill SMSgt Brian J. Sands Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy September 10, 2014 Instructor: MSgt Travis Pyle Winston Churchill Winston Churchill was an influential leader and politician in the government of the Britain from the turn of the 20th century until his death in 1965. He was Prime Minister twice and led his country through the darkest corridors of war in a fight for its very existence. Throughout his tenure he displayed uncommon vision and showed that he was a man of ethical action, as I will demonstrate. We will examine just a few points of his uncanny vision, highlight some of his ethical actions, and then connect these actions via Course 14 principals to events of personal relevance. Visionary Leader Winston Churchill was a leader with an unmatched vision for the future of his country. The 1930’s found Europe in a post war depression and Churchill foresaw the impending aggression from Germany. Throughout this decade he would often declare the increasing numbers of Germany’s growing weaponry and planes (Humes, 2012). As his party was out of power he was relegated to the back bench of the House of Commons. At the time, his predictions of a belligerent Germany were unwelcome to the ears of a war weary and economically depressed populace. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler in 1938 to secure peace which resulted in the German occupation of part of Czechoslovakia, and caused Churchill to say â€Å"This isShow MoreRelatedA Marxist Approach Of Orwell s 1984 Essay7236 Words   |  29 Pagesaround them. For example, England in the mid-20th century was deep in modernization. They had many advances in technology, and the figure leading the charge to advan cement was Winston Churchill. Yet, once the Great Wars occurred, Churchill had to lock down on power and place restrictions on many basic necessities. 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Influencing and Decision Making for Elders Limited- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInfluencing and Decision Making for Elders Limited. Answer: Introduction Decision-making is a vital part of planning process. In all management functions, decision-making and problem solving plays a very significant role. While running a business or working in an organization, making right decisions may lead to success, whereas, wrong decisions can result to failure. There are wide ranges of decision-making tools and techniques, decision-making styles and one need to be conscious about what type of decision-making process and techniques to consider. Discussed below four (4) case study of an area of indecision that are recently occurring. Sko-Die is a manufacturing company where the two generations namely, Gen X and Gen Y are clashing in the workplace. The management team are facing problem, as they are unable to take any proper decisions. Since, the Gen Y employees have been in the company for a short amount of time, they have a very little loyalty or reason to stay in the workplace. Elders Limited is a food and beverage company, which with the rise of the cost of materials and wages, profits proves to be low. Due to the unfortunate situation, the company needs to let some employees go. Therefore, the company needs to hold a meeting because none is on the list. Here company faces problem as they lack to take any decision regarding how many workers to sustain in the workforce for reducing the cost of wages. Boral Limited is a construction company and has a supervisor of a five person work group. The team manager has approved the purchase of one new computer for the group. The computer will go to one of the five employees. An individuals capability to work may highly vary, but in a group the capability of all the group members leads to the groups success. So, in this case the company faces priority based problem to judge which employee to give the computer, when and on what basis. Mr Paul is a supervisor in B9 Region. He supervises 8 employees who are Field inspectors and supporting staffs. The Field inspectors travel within the region to survey and other state occupied buildings for compliance with state policies and guidelines for risk management. The risk mananegment policies and guidelines are a bit complex, so there is a need for the Field inspector to be skilled at interpretating the policies and understanding on how the policies and guidelines apply in a wide variety of risk management senario found in state occupied buildings[1]. Most of the performance problems began when the state policies and guidelines were overhauled. From the above four cases, B9 Region case is taken into consideration. Given below the methods relating to the tools, techniques and skills used in decision making. Decision making tools and techniques There are different decision-making tools and techniques, among which some are implemented in the B9 Region with the help of Mr. Paul, are as follows: Decision matrix A decision matrix is used to evaluate all decisional options. While using a matrix, one can create a table with all the options in the first column and factors relating it in the first row. Then one needs to score each option with the respective weigh of factors. At last, the final score is tallied to find out the best option. In this decision matrix made in B9 Region T-Chart is used to weigh the plus and minus of the options[2]. While making a decision, all the plus signs and minus signs are taken into consideration. Pareto analysis It is a technique used for finding large number of decisions in B9 Region. It helps in prioritizing which one should be done first based on its decisions, which are having greatest impact. Here cost benefit technique is used in weighing the fiscal ramifications of each possible alternative and at last coming to the final decision and makes the most meaningful sense in respect to economic perspective[3]. Decision making Styles In B9 Region organization, the decision-making is crucial and important. If I take any wrong decision, then its impact seem to be enormous and critical. So, I have to think repeatedly before taking a solid and concrete decision[4]. In the B9 Region, I have implemented three (3) decision-making styles, they are rational, intuitive and spontaneous than the dependent and avoidant decisional styles: Rational Rational decision-making style normally prefers a structured and reasonable approach. Before making such type of decisions, I need to have all relevant information and then only i can come out with a specific decision. It also helps in evaluating the pros and cons of each decision. This decision making style is applied in context surroundings big risks which includes big amounts of money. Intuitive I in B9 region case, with intuitive decision-making style seems to be confident and prefer to take decisions listening to my inner voice. Spontaneous Spontaneous decision-making style is based on the impulsive decision making style, which is oftenly taking by the decision maker in B9 region. Here the Field inspector travels to other state without the knowledge of others. Group decision making Group decision making is a process where the multiple individuals act cooperatively, analyze problems or situations, evaluate the alternative course of actions and finally select the solution or alternatives of the solution. The number of people in a group decision making varies from the range of two to seven[5]. Benefits of Group Decision Making Group decision making is advantageous of its group diverse strengths and expertise. By combining the unique qualities of each individual group member, the group as a whole can generate greater number of alternatives, which proves to be of higher quality than the individual[6]. Generating higher quality of solution becomes sure that the group will definitely reach in providing superior problem solution than the individual. Weaknesses of Group Decision-making Groups prove to be slower in taking any decisions than the individuals, so it becomes difficult to implement those decisions in situations where urgent decisions are required. Group polarization seems to be one of the disadvantages of the group decision-making process. It is the tendency of the group to congregate on facing more extreme solutions to a problem[7]. Compare, contrast and critically evaluate sources of data for decision-making in respect to B9 Region context The data driven decisions prove to be better decisions in the business sector as it helps in understanding the decision more effectively. Firstly, the volume of data manifested each day is increasing day by day. Secondly, the speed of data creation is becoming more decisive in nature. Thirdly, the variety sources of data are gained through messages, updates and through images of social network[8]. This helps to reduce the complexities. Two factors are essential for managing a big data, they are: Firstly, clear strategy should be build based on the implementation of data and analytics. Secondly, organize the best and right technological architecture. Conclusion Decision-making and problem solving plays a vital role for the successful growth in the competition market. Hence, we conclude that group decision-making proves to be more important and significant than the individual decision-making and discussed above with the help of a case study. References Cui Z, 'Decision Making In Cross-Functional Teams: The Role Of Decision Power*' [2015] Decision Sciences Huysmans J and others, 'An Empirical Evaluation Of The Comprehensibility Of Decision Table, Tree And Rule Based Predictive Models' (2011) 51 Decision Support Systems Marshall L and De la Harpe R, 'Decision Making In The Context Of Business Intelligence And Data Quality' (2009) 11 S Afr j inf manag Nooraie M, 'Decision's Familiarity And Strategic Decision-Making Process Output: The Mediating Impact Of Rationality Of The Decision-Making Process' (2011) 4 International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences Radovanovic B, 'Individual Decision Making, Group Decision Making And Deliberation' (2012) 23 Filoz drus Scala N and others, 'Group Decision Making With Dispersion In The Analytic Hierarchy Process' [2015] Group Decision and Negotiation Scollnik D, 'A Pareto Scale-Inflated Outlier Model And Its Bayesian Analysis' (2013) 2015 Scandinavian Actuarial Journal Todeschini R, Grisoni F and Nembri S, 'Weighted PowerWeakness Ratio For Multi-Criteria Decision Making' (2015) 146 Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems Vriens D and Achterbergh J, 'Tools For Supporting Responsible Decision-Making?' (2013) 32 Syst. Res

The Parthenon of Greece Essay Example For Students

The Parthenon of Greece Essay The Greeks had an eager individualistic strain that led them to high levels of creative thinking in art, science, and literature. They were by nature sensitive to beauty and made its creation and enjoyment an important and necessary part of their lives. The Parthenon is a beautiful monument noted for its perfect simplicity of design and the harmony of its proportions. 1 From the architecture, to the sculpture, to the history of this great monument the Parthenon remains a masterpiece. The Parthenon is an ancient Greek temple dedicated to the goddess Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin), on the Acropolis in Athens. 2 Most Greek cities had an acropolis (meaning high city in Greek). The Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their own distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek orders are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. 3 The Parthenon architecture is of the Doric order. It is the earliest and simplest of the Greek architectural orders. The Parthenons columns give an impression of graceful solidity and power. We will write a custom essay on The Parthenon of Greece specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It was built from 447 to 432 BC, under the leadership of Pericles. The Parthenon was a rectangle marble temple measuring about 102 by 230 feet. It had 17 columns along each of its sides and 8 columns on each end. 4 The distances between the columns of the Parthenon vary mathematically so that when viewed from a distance, the columns reflected optical distortions. For example, a column that was perfectly straight would look like it was leaning outward. In order to compensate for this distortion, the builders inclined the columns inward just slightly. There were four types of sculptures featured in the Parthenon. They were the statue of Athena, the Ionic frieze, the Doric metopes, and the pediments. Except for the gold and ivory statue of Athena, all of the other sculptures were painted with bright colors. When the Greek temple builders placed a sloped roof over the entablature it left a triangular space at each end of the building. This empty space needed decoration so the pediment was created. The East Pediment over the front entrance depicts the birth of Athena, with a number of gods and goddesses on either side. The battle between Athena and Poseidon, the god of the sea, is located on the West Pediment. 5 The metopes were square panels carved in relief that showed battles between mythological figures. Originally there were 92 metopes, 32 on each side and 14 on each end. The Ionic frieze decorated the outer perimeter of the naos walls and was around 325 feet long and three-feet three inches in height. It represented the festival of Athena and portrayed young men and women, musicians, priests, and sacrificial animals in ceremonial procession to make an offering to Athena. The ivory and gold statue of Athena was located at the rear of the central chamber and was approximately 33 feet tall. The helmeted goddess stood resting one hand on a shield and holding a winged statue of Victory in the other. 6 A war with the Persians that ended in 479 BC destroyed the buildings and monuments on the Acropolis. A program was put into place by the Athens leader Pericles to beautify Athens and demonstrate its cultural importance. His plan was to rebuild the Acropolis with the showpiece being the Parthenon. Construction of the Parthenon began in 447 BC, and the dedication of the temple took place in 438 BC with the installation of the statue of Athena. The Parthenon was converted to a Christian church in AD 426 and dedicated to Hagla Sophia. Later, in 622, it was rededicated to the Virgin Mary. In order to accommodate the worshippers in the church a bell tower went up in one corner and an altar was placed at the end of the building. In 1687 a Venetian general laid siege to Athens and the Parthenon suffered extensive damage. 7 In Closing, the Parthenon is a beautiful structure. .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .postImageUrl , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:hover , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:visited , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:active { border:0!important; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:active , .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14 .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue82089d14246ea1e146aa469385cdd14:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Blackness EssayThe sculptures have to be some of the greatest works of Greek art. From the decorative frieze that wrapped around the outer walls of the temple, the metope panels depicting figures in combat, to the East Pediment portraying the birth of Athena and the West Pediment showing the battle between Athena and Poseidon how vividly alive they must have seemed. Its unfortunate that there is not much left of this beautiful structure. What a sight it must have been to see the intricate detail that went into creating such a beautiful structure.

10 Top Companies Hiring Part-Time Workers Right Now

10 Top Companies Hiring Part-Time Workers Right Now Looking for a part-time job? Summer is coming, school is out, and you need a gig to earn money and fill your summer days. Here are 10 of the top companies hiring the most part-time workers to their books at the moment. 1. The Vitamin ShoppeThis company boasts happy employees, salaries above average, and progressive policies and benefits, and has a focus on customer service rather than sales numbers. The Vitamin Shoppe has nearly 2,000 part-time openings.2. ChipotleThis gig comes with a flexible schedule, a laid-back atmosphere, and decent food (organic meats!). With over 1,500 restaurants in 45 states, this â€Å"fast casual† spot has over 1,400 part-time openings at present.3. Bayada Home Health CareProviding one-on-one nursing and other health care in 25 states, this company has over 1,100 part-time openings and tons of satisfied employees.4. UPSDelivering 15 million packages per day and employing hundreds of thousands in the United States and globally, this company boasts o ver 1,000 part-time openings and a challenging, interesting work environment.5. Liberty Tax ServicesWith a whopping 5,114 part-time openings, this company helps low-income employees and small businesses with thousands of branches around the world. Also good job security and generally positive employee reviews.6. Macy’sWith over 3,000 part-time openings and branches all over the country, this retail giant also hires seasonal employees that can occasionally transition into full-time work.7. MarketSource JobsWith an HQ in Georgia and nearly 3,000 part-time openings to assist companies with marketing strategy, training, and sales, this kind of job would be great for you if you were suited to sales in general: i.e. you’re personable, upbeat, and have a can-do attitude.8. United Health GroupWork in health insurance, which can help you transition into jobs in accounting or business or economics. There are more than  1,200 part-time openings, and according to employees, ther e’s a great  work-life balance.9. Vector MarketingLove knives? Great at sales? This company is owned by Cutco, famous for great cutlery. They have more than 1,900 part-time openings. Deal closers apply!10. FirestoneThis company isn’t going anywhere anytime soon. It’s one of the oldest American tire/repair companies and has more than 1,600 locations nationwide. Employees report good camaraderie and higher-than-average compensation. More 1,000 part-time openings await!

Free Essays on Privelege And Its Misuse

Project Two – â€Å"Privilege† and It’s Misuse Privilege in society is a misconception of the ignorant views of the people of this country and, furthermore, the world. To me, the word â€Å"privilege† is misused. Privilege is something to be earned and appreciated. With one’s success, privilege should be achieved. Instead, privilege is viewed as an attribute, allowing success. White, male, and straight are all defined as privilege. How do any of these portray the ability to succeed? Without the ignorant stereotypical views of society, they do not. I am frustrated on a daily basis by the stereotypes and generalizations of people in this world. Trends, statistics, nor averages are means to develop absolutes. However, people frequently use these to explain issues in society. Whether they intend to correct these issues or demean others, both groups are equally responsible for the promotion of the underlying problems associate with â€Å"privilege.† The simple concept of â€Å"privilege† vs. prejudice is misinterpreted. The problems with the standard interpretation come with assuming a difference between the â€Å"privileged† and the prejudged. Although, most would disagree I believe everyone has the same opportunities in this world. At least in this country, at the age of eighteen, every American has the right to choose their own future. Again, privilege should be a product of success. Success in this world, for anybody, requires a certain level of work, and contribution. If that effort is produced by the individual or given to them by others only determines the need for that person’s drive to succeed and the level of difficulty in attaining such success. Obviously, it would be â€Å"easier† for a person of millionaire parents to succeed and achieve privilege then for someone with unemployed, bankrupt parents. So, does that make success unattainable for some? In the eyes of lazy America, it does. I strongly disagree wit... Free Essays on Privelege And It's Misuse Free Essays on Privelege And It's Misuse Project Two – â€Å"Privilege† and It’s Misuse Privilege in society is a misconception of the ignorant views of the people of this country and, furthermore, the world. To me, the word â€Å"privilege† is misused. Privilege is something to be earned and appreciated. With one’s success, privilege should be achieved. Instead, privilege is viewed as an attribute, allowing success. White, male, and straight are all defined as privilege. How do any of these portray the ability to succeed? Without the ignorant stereotypical views of society, they do not. I am frustrated on a daily basis by the stereotypes and generalizations of people in this world. Trends, statistics, nor averages are means to develop absolutes. However, people frequently use these to explain issues in society. Whether they intend to correct these issues or demean others, both groups are equally responsible for the promotion of the underlying problems associate with â€Å"privilege.† The simple concept of â€Å"privilege† vs. prejudice is misinterpreted. The problems with the standard interpretation come with assuming a difference between the â€Å"privileged† and the prejudged. Although, most would disagree I believe everyone has the same opportunities in this world. At least in this country, at the age of eighteen, every American has the right to choose their own future. Again, privilege should be a product of success. Success in this world, for anybody, requires a certain level of work, and contribution. If that effort is produced by the individual or given to them by others only determines the need for that person’s drive to succeed and the level of difficulty in attaining such success. Obviously, it would be â€Å"easier† for a person of millionaire parents to succeed and achieve privilege then for someone with unemployed, bankrupt parents. So, does that make success unattainable for some? In the eyes of lazy America, it does. I strongly disagree wit...

Managing cultural diversity and perceived organizational support Essay

Managing cultural diversity and perceived organizational support - Essay Example The findings did not support this association. However the regression analysis indicated that there is an indirect association between cultural diversity management and affective commitment via perceived organizational support. A real-world example of cultural diversity management can be found in Wal-Mart (Wal-Mart 2009 Sustainability Report). It is a large international discount retail chain which implements a variety of diversity programs in order to create an internationally diverse workforce. Programs such as diversity training and supplier diversity have enabled the multinational company to provide organizational support to minority-owned businesses. This has been a source of competitive advantage globally. The diversity management programs have enabled the company to build an organizational culture that supports employment resourcing effectively internationally.

Analyzing Multiple Perspectives of ethical Dilemmas Essay

Analyzing Multiple Perspectives of ethical Dilemmas - Essay Example Here comes the question of ethics. Although, all branches in science have equal standing in terms of importance of ethics in their study and exploration, biology has been more prominent in this regard since it deals with the study of life itself; thus, engulfing the existence of plants, animals and most importantly, man himself. Therefore, bioethics, as it is widely known can be precisely come under definition as the discourse of the controversies with regard to the ethical dilemmas, which arise in the scientific study of life and living beings. The ethical dilemmas in the field of biological research and development are quite numerous. Like in other discourses, these dilemmas open themselves to multiple perspectives and schools of thought and therefore are an enriched field to study. Here, the paper will include a few such dilemmas that have been a pressing concern for bioethicists these days and will include study of various perspectives on them. A very popular and most discussed d ilemma in biology is that of cloning. Many scientists and scholar see cloning as a way to extend life in cases where survival is endangered (Brannigan, 11).

McDonald's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

McDonald's - Essay Example He played role for the two brothers of purchasing the chain of their company’s production and his efforts oversaw the company’s global growth. The company is currently the largest producer of fast foods in United States and u can find its products in approximately hundred and twenty countries (Mieth 2007, p. 95). The executive organizational departments of McDonald’s are as follows: the top leaders of the company are chief executive officer and chairperson, and COO (Chief Operating Officer). Under these leaders, there several departments, which are broken into: marketing, corporation affairs, human resources, regional managers, national operations, information technology, finance, and strategic planning (Kincheloe 2002, p. 45). There are also other functional departments in the company, which include franchising, customer services, hygiene, security, property and construction, safety, restaurant services, and supply chain. The company has a multi-department organizational structure; the CEO is the leader of the company with board of directors. The company’s board of directors consists of thirteen members, with whom eleven are directors. The CEO is the head of the company and manages the other departments in the company, which include operations, finance, franchising, and human resource departments. McDonald’s serves in the restaurant sector industry and its name is famous in the world. The main products of the company are fries, burgers, as well as soft drinks. The company also offers chicken, desserts, milkshakes, French fries, cheeseburgers, and breakfast foods (Kincheloe 2002, p. 48). In addition, due to the expanding needs of McDonald’s customers, the management has also decide to expand its menu including other items such as fish, smoothies, wraps, fruits,/ and salads. Most customers prefer the company using some big names such as Quarter Pounder, Big Mac, Egg Mc Muffin, Filet

Maintaining Diversity in a Workplace

Maintaining Diversity in a Workplace In this review I am going to show how different public services have different methods of services so basically, this written opinion will show information about different methods used in the public services to make sure that they have a many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country. I will gather some of the information, on workplace such as; policies and procedures, bullying and teasing and threatening over and over again in a mean way in workplace etc. In the public services there are different methods on how they can place certain policies and legislations in place with the government to make sure that services meet the standard needs of the public within matters of health and diversity. To meet these requirements, services have their own procedure and methods that are normally mentioned in the service policy so that can deal with their problems when they have any. Some of the organizations or services can be quite fixed on how to create their style of diverse workforce; I think they do that so that different groups of people that work with them can enjoy their work. Services also show they have an equal diversity by having a variety of religious meals that it can have a certain standard to those who are religious or any other such as vegetarian or diet meals, but not everything has to be about meals when some of the services provides things like prayer rooms or a room that can be used to concentrate and forget about everything else. Rooms that have been there and always will be there would be such things like toilets and changing rooms for male and female. In recent years the most services forbid woman to be either in the front line or to be alone when on patrol now the police service are trying to recruit more female officers as well as more people from minority groups with an aim to have a more many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country who can relate more to the public. Not so long ago, it has been brought up that there is still institutional treating people badly or unfairly because of their race within the Police force, this, as well as many other reasons such as negative making prejudiced mental pictures, informal bias and ideas you think are true from related to a group of people with the same race, culture, religion, etc. minority groups themselves are reasons why people from minority groups are less likely to join. The Police have introduced some ways to try and create a more many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country. Some of these methods include, improving the data collected on the age, male/female status, family and cultural characteristics, race and disability of their members so that these can be analyzed and tested/evaluated to see which areas are weakest and need strengthening to make sure that the officers reflect and relate to the community they are working in. Another way according from this source (Simpleask.co.uk) is positive advertising, for example, the Could you? series of actions to reach a goal which is the polices national putting something into use series of actions to reach a goal which once set up, the police received expressions of interest from nearly 100,000 people, 40% of whom were found to be women   They set up targets regularly for the different areas to recruit and keep/hold related to a group of people with the same race, culture, religion, etc. minority officers and females. In 2003 The City-based Police decided to allow foreign nationals to sign up to join the police force for the first time to help meet related to a group of people with the same race, culture, religion, etc. putting something into use targets due to being told that 25% of its all the workers in a company or country had to include people from minority backgrounds. Since then the police have been working hard to create a more many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country. The police also have been doing different kind of searching; police officers that stop and search are now searching their kind of gender

Anorexia Nervosa Essay -- Health, Eating Disorders

Davis 1 Anorexia nervosa is defined as a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, in addition to a disturbance in perception of body shape and weight( DSM-IV-TR, 2000). In this paper we will examine Carolyn Costin’s battle with anorexia nervosa from a biopsychosocial perspective and what reinforced her disorder. This will be followed by diagnostically using the DSM-IV-TR in Carolyn’s case and conceptually using the sociocultural dimension. The implications for both Carolyn, her social and cultural context, as well as society at large will be addressed. The paper will then conclude with the successful treatments of anorexia nervosa and why we should care about the disorder. The biological dimension of Carolyn’s eating disorder includes looking at her first-degree relatives, more specifically females for a pattern of abnormal eating behaviors. In Carolyn’s family perhaps a genetic contribution made her vulnerable plus the changes her body was going through during puberty may have all contributed to her developing anorexia nervosa. Other factors to consider is maybe Carolyn’s hypothalamus which controls her eating behavior had contributed to her abnormal eating patterns, in addition to the high levels of dopamine in her brain that may have decreased her desire to eat. Research has shown perhaps there is a relationship between people with eating disorders having a shorter dopamine transporter train versus people who do not. In Carolyn’s case, she may have a shorter dopamine transporter train and because of this she has a less appetizing reaction towards food versus someone who does not have an eating disorder. Lastly, Carolyn’s changing eating patterns may have changed the amount o... .... Lastly, the impact the eating disorder has on the individual, family, and friends are another reason why we should care. Davis 6 One of my best friends struggled with anorexia nervosa and after getting treatment at the Remuda Ranch in Arizona, she was able to recover from her eating disorder and now maintains a healthy weight and lifestyle. In this paper we discussed Carolyn Costin’s struggle with anorexia nervosa from a biopsychosocial perspective and what reinforced her disorder. We then explored Carolyn’s battle with her eating disorder using the DSM-IV-TR criteria and conceptually using the sociocultural dimension. The implications for both Carolyn, her social and cultural context, as well as society at large were discussed. Lastly, we covered the successful treatments of the anorexia nervosa and why should we care about the disorder.

Has the law proven effective regulating the banking industry or are the limits of a bankers business too complex to be laid down by the law.

Introduction It will be determined in this study whether the limits of a bankers business can ever be laid down by the law or whether a bankers business should in fact be left undefined. This will be done in light of the recent financial crisis so that a determination can be made as to whether banking law has proven effective in regulating bankers or whether unnecessary risk are still being taken. In doing so, the powers and responsibilities of the Financial Services Authority (FSA) will be examined in order to decide whether the activities currently being undertaken by the FSA are sufficient enough to regulate the financial market. Literature Review The main objectives of a bank is to provide financial services to individuals and organisations by allowing money to be either borrowed or deposited whilst at the same time acting as a means for credit to be created. Nevertheless, given the complexity of the modern banking business, it seems as though a lack of regulation exists which is especially evident in light of the recent financial crisis. This is because; banks appear to have taken extortionate risks without any intervention which is highly detrimental to both the economy and consumers. It is quite difficult to determine what a bankers business should consist of, however, which is why great difficulty remains when trying to assess how they ought to be regulated. And, although some attempt to define a bankers business has been made by the courts; Commissioners of the State Savings Bank of Victoria v Permwan & Anor (1914) 19 CLR 45 and United Dominions Trust Ltd v Kirkwood [1966] 1 QB 783 a bankers business still remains ill-de fined. It is unclear whether a bankers business should be laid down by the law, however, since the activities undertaken by banks are often to wide-ranging to classify. This would impose too much restriction on banks and certain activities would be prevented from being undertaken; Woods v Martins Bank (1959) 1 QB 55. Despite this, it is important that some form of restriction is in place so that unnecessary risks are avoided. This was highlighted by Benston and Kaufman (1996, p. 1) when they pointed out that; â€Å"to protect our money, banks should not be allowed to take great risks that might cause them to fail.† Therefore, some restrictions are needed so that banks are not free to do as they wish as this would be extremely damaging to the economy. The Financial Services Authority (FSA) was in fact introduced in order to regulate the activities of bankers, yet it remains arguable whether this has been successfully achieved. This is because, although the FSA has been provided with s tatutory powers under the Financial Services and Markets Act (FMSA) 2000 to regulate the financial services industry more effectively, given the recent financial crisis, it is questionable just how efficient the FSA is. However, as noted by the FSA themselves; â€Å"as a risk-based regulator, our approach is based on a clear statement of the realistic aims and limits of regulation.† Not all agree with this, however, and instead it has been argued that the FSA are no longer relevant in today’s society (House of Commons Treasury Committee, 2009, p. 4). In view of this, it has thus been noted by Awrey that; â€Å"perhaps most glaringly, conventional financial theory failed to adequately account for the complexity of modern financial markets and the nature and pace of financial innovation.† This signifies how the FSA have been unable to keep up-to-date with the advances that are continuously being made within society and that further regulatory procedures are thereby required if the banking industry is to be restored to an acceptable state. Modern financial markets thereby appear to complex for the FSA and so it is important that more stringent regulatory practices are instilled upo n the banking industry so that banks do not abuse their powers and responsibilities. Proposed Methodology In acquiring the relevant information for this study, various academic opinion, case law and legal theory will be analysed. These will be acquired by accessing text books, journal articles, governmental reports and online legal databases. Secondary research will be the main forma of research used for this assignment so that existing data can be collected and analysed in order to reach a conclusion. This will be a more cost effective and time saving way of undertaking the research, which is applicable for this assignment given the difficulty in obtaining primary research from large organisations such as the FSA. Quantitative and qualitative research methods will be used so that information can be gathered that is in numerical form, whilst also gathering information that is not in numerical form but which contains descriptive data. Outline of the WorkOverview of the Banking Industry A brief overview of the banking industry will be provided here in order to determine the main objectives of bankers and the effects in which their activities can have on the economy.Powers and Responsibilities of Bankers It will be considered here whether a bankers business can be defined by the law or whether the activities are too complex to be defined.Regulation of the Banking Industry An evaluation as to whether the banking industry ought to be regulated more efficiently will be made by looking at the existing regulatory procedures and considering whether they have so far been effective or whether more needs to be done in order to prevent further financial crisis’ from arising.Financial Services Authority’s Powers and Responsibilities The powers and responsibilities of the FSA will be considered in order to determine whether additional powers ought to be conferred upon the FSA or whether modern banking is too compl ex to enable the FSA to regulate financial activities. Thus, it will be shown that whilst banking activities do remain complex, the FSA should still be provided with the ability to regulate the banking industry so that a robust system is in place. If the activities of bankers were not was in needed so that any problems that are likely (FSA, 2009, p. 5). Hence, it is vital that the risks taken by bankers are severely limited since much ambiguity would ensue if restraints were not being imposed upon the financial sector and as noted by Johnston (1960, p. 347; â€Å"the difficulty is increased by the fact that banking, like other forms of business, continues to develop and expand its activities to meet its competitors and provide wider services for the public with the result that any attempt to squeeze the concept into the confines of a definition may prove successful today but inadequate tomorrow.†Are the Powers and Responsibilities of the FSA acceptable in today’s soci etyHere, it will be discussed whether the powers and responsibilities of the FSA are acceptable in today’s society where modern banking is more complex than ever. Hence, it will be shown that the FSA has come under much scrutiny since the financial crisis was first instigated, yet rather than taking a step back, the FSA need to take a more interventionist approach so that future financial crisis’ can be prevented. It has thereby been said that the FSA should investigate â€Å"how financial services firms manage their Information Security Risks; how these risks are evolving; the risks they pose to our objectives; and the role industry and government bodies play in assisting regulated firms to address these Information Security Risks† (FSA, 2004, P. 3). If a more interventionist approach is undertaken by the FSA, financial crimes similar to those that caused the economic crisis will be more easily identified and therefore dealt with appropriately. Strong financial crime deterrent messages[1] will also be sent out by the FSA and financial crime will inevitably be reduced. References Awrey, D. (2011) Complexity, Innovation and the Regulation of Modern Financial Markets, Harvard Business Law, Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No 49/2011, [Online] Available: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1916649 [14 February, 2013]. Benston, G. and Kaufman, G., (1996) Why Regulate Banks, Res, [Online] Available: http://www.res.org.uk/society/mediabriefings/pdfs/1996/July/benston.pdf [13 February 2013]. FSA. (2004). Countering Financial Crime Risks in Information Security, Financial Crime Sector Report, [Online] Available: www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/fcrime_sector.pdf [14 February, 2013]. FSA., ‘Delivering a Reduction of Financial Crime’ (2011) FSA Annual Report 2011/12, [Online] Available: www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/annual/ar11-12/section5.pdf [14 February, 2013]. FSA. (2009) The Turner Review; A Regulatory Response to the Global Banking Crisis, Financial Services Authority, [Online] Available: http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/turner_review.pdf [14 February, 2013]. FSA., (2012) What we Do: Regulatory Approach, Financial Services Authority, [Online] Available: http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pages/about/what/approach/index.shtml [13 FEBRUARY, 2013]. House of Commons Treasury Committee. (2009) Banking Crisis: Dealing with the Failure of UK Banks, Seventh Report of Session 2009-09, Report Together with Formal Minutes, HC 416, [Online] Available: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmtreasy/416/416.pdf [14 February, 2013]. Johnston, C. C. (1960) Judicial Comment on the Concept of Banking Business. 2 Osgoode Hall 347. [1] FSA., ‘Delivering a Reduction of Financial Crime’ (2011) FSA Annual Report 2011/12, fsa.gov.uk/pubs/annual/ar11-12/section5.pdf> [Accessed 20 August, 2012].

Explain the difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income for a business Essay Example

Explain the difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income for a business Essay Example Explain the difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income for a business Paper Explain the difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income for a business Paper In FF the capital income will come from the investors that own FF(Future Fashion). Investor’s money is used to buy things that will stay in the business for a medium to long period of time – FF’s premises, vehicles or equipment. These are called fixed assets. When FF sets up a business, Capital Income might also be used to buy opening stock, but as the business develops, stock should be paid for by sales income. The sources of capital income available to business owners are influenced by the type of Business.Sole trader: Sole traders are people who own a business by them self, they will have to find all the capital income for the business on their own by things such as personal loans. Sole Traders often invest their personal savings into a business or borrow from the bank using their personal assets, such as their house to secure a loan. Sole Traders take a big risk when they do this as they are ultimately responsible for the debts of the business. Being a sole t rader can also limit the size of the business but all the profit made from the business can be kept by the sole trader. This would not affect FF; as they are not a sole trader.Partnership: Partnerships are when two or more people join together to make a business as partners. Each partner would be expected to contribute towards the capital income, hence increasing the potential amount of money available. Partners will share all decisions made in the business as-well as the profits made. Loans that are taken to start the business are still secured by the partners’ assets, so this is still a high risked operation. This would not affect FF; as they are not a Partnership.Shares: A company is when a business is registered with companies’ house and issues shares to its shareholders. The shareholders and owners of the business will all have to contribute towards the capital income for the business. Shareholders will receive voting rights and the more shares they own, the great er their ability is to influence decision making. Shareholders are rewarded a share of the profits for their investments in the company/business. FF consists of different shareholders who contribute towards the capital income. These shareholders have voting rights and the more shares they own, the greater their ability is to influence decision making. These shareholders are rewarded a share of the profits for their investments in FF.Loans: A loan would be a sum of money that is borrowed to a business or business owners from a bank. The loan will be a lump sum which we then have to be paid back every month at a set amount. Most loans often last five years, although longer loans can be arranged, but these would be longer and charge more interest. When taking a loan the business would have to pay the fixed amount even if they haven’t made a profit. The banks are also not guaranteed to lend money to a business, so the business would have to justify how the money borrowed would be spent and, more importantly, how they can afford and repay it. The bank loan will have to be secured using an asset that belongs to the owners such as a car or house. This means if the business fails to meet payments, the bank can reclaim the asset. FF will not need to loan money from the bank as they have shareholders who generate the capital income for them.Sales: Sales is money that comes in from the sales of goods and services, for example, FF will make money when customers come in and buy products. Sales turnover is therefore determined by the prices charged and the number of customers. Sales can be either cash sales, or credit sales.Rent Received: A business that owns property and charges others for use of all or part of property will receive rent as their main source of income. FF does not rent their buildings so this won’t apply to them.Capital ExpenditureExpenditure is money spent by a business and can be split into two categories; capital expenditure and revenue ex penditure. This is used to buy capital items, which are assets that will stay in the business for a long period of time. Capital items are fixed assets and intangible assets, as explained below.Revenue IncomeRevenue Income is the money that comes into the business from performing its day-to-day function which would be selling goods or providing a service. The nature of the revenue income depends on the activities that the business does to bring in money, sources of that can be; sales, rent received, commission receivedTrademarks: A trademark is a symbol, logo, brand name, words or even colour that sets apart one business’s goods or services from those of its competitors. FF’s logo is a key influence because it is very well known and can build brand loyalty.Commission Received: A business may sell products and services as an agent of another business. This will mean that they sell other business products on their behalf and for each sale they make a small percentage of the sale. This percentage is called commission.Fixed AssetsFixed assets are items owned by a business that will remain in the business for a reasonable period of time. These are shown on a business’s balance sheet and include land and buildings, office equipment, machinery, furniture and fittings, and motor vehicles. These are sometimes referred to as ‘tangible assets’ because they can be touched.Most fixed assets will lose value over time and for this reason they are depreciated. This means that each year their value in the balance sheet is reduced in order to give fair value of the asset.IntangibleAn intangible asset is something owned by the business, that cannot be touched but adds value to the business. Intangibles that exist within businesses.Goodwill: When you buy an existing business, its name and reputation will already be known and it may already have an established customer base or set of clients. FF do not use good will as they will open up their own new stores.Patents: A patent is the legal protection of an invention, such as a unique feature of a product or a new process. This means that FF can patent their products which are unique from other people’s products; which will mean that people cannot copy the idea.Revenue ExpenditureRevenue Expenditure is when you spend money on a day-to-day basis. These are the expenses incurred by a business that are shown on the profit and loss account. These types of costs incurred vary from different businesses, some on the common types include:* Administrative costs – In FF, administrative charges are for things like postage, printing and stationary, which might include items such as business cards, headed paper and order books* Staff costs – Staff costs is the money FF will spend on their employees, FF must pay all their employees for the work that they do. FF must pay Salaries, Wages, Insurance, Pensions and for any Training required.* Selling and distribution costs â €“ If FF is to survive it must make enough sales to cover all its costs. It must be able to attract customers to come and use their products and services. There are two crucial functions that carry additional costs. Selling and distribution costs include: Sales Staff Salaries – Many businesses will employ workers with specific responsibility for sales. This might be a sales representative who travels around trying to generate sales, sales assistances who help the customer or accounts managers who look after regular customers. Sales staff receive a commission-based salary, meaning the more they sell, the more they can earn.Carriage of sales – This is the cost FF must pay of getting the sale to the customer and can range from something as simple as an envelope and a stamp or courier delivery to something much more complex with bulky or fragile products or even products being shipped to another country. Some business might make the customers pay this charge by quoting a sales price plus postage and packing costs. Marketing – This covers a whole range of costs for FF associated with attracting the customer and convincing them to make a purchase. Possible marketing costs might include advertisements, promotional literature, promotional events, point of sale materials and so on.* Finance costs FF do not operate on a cash-only basis – they are likely to accept payments by cheque, card or direct bank transfer. They are likely to make payments in the same way. This means FF must have a bank account. Banks are also businesses and they too want to make a profit so they charge for their services. Finance costs to a business can include Bank charges (business charge for every transaction made) and Loan and mortgage interest (Banks charge interest on loans and Mortgage)* Purchase of stock – FF will require stock as they are providing goods and services. When FF is first started up it is likely to buy stock with cash as it will not hav e built a reputation, but then when it gets more well known it may be able to buy stock in credit which FF can do now. Bigger and more established business may be able to drive the cost of stock when buying in larger quantities, there are other costs related to stock such as insurance and storage costs.

Biography of Egon Schiele, Expressionist Artist

Biography of Egon Schiele, Expressionist Artist Austrian artist Egon Schiele (June 12, 1890- October 31, 1918) is best known for his expressionistic- and often sexually explicit- depictions of the human body. He was a successful artist in his time, but his career was cut short by the Spanish flu pandemic. He died at age 28. Fast Facts: Egon Schiele Occupation: ArtistKnown For: Sexually explicit paintings that shocked audiences and pushed the boundaries of the art world.Born: June 12, 1890 in Tulln, Austria-HungaryDied: October 31, 1918 in Vienna, Austria-HungaryEducation: Academy of Fine Arts ViennaSelected Works: Kneeling Nude with Raised Hands (1910), Self-Portrait with Chinese Lantern Plant (1912), Death and the Maiden (1915)Notable Quote: Art cannot be modern. Art is primordially eternal. Early Life Born in Tulln, Austria, on the banks of the Danube River, Egon Schiele was the son of Adolf Schiele, a station master for the Austrian State Railways. Trains were the subject of many of Egons early drawings as a child. He was known to spend many hours drawing and avoiding other topics in school. Egon Schiele had three sisters: Melanie, Elvira, and Gerti. Elvira often modeled for her brothers paintings. She married Schieles friend, the artist Anton Peschka. Schiele was close to his sister Gerti, the youngest child of the family; some biographical accounts suggest that the relationship was incestuous. Schieles father died from syphilis when the artist was 15. Schiele became a ward of his maternal uncle, Leopold Czihaczek. With the change of households, Schiele experienced support for his interest in art. In 1906, he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. Career Beginnings In 1907, a teenage Egon Schiele sought out the famed artist Gustav Klimt, the founder of the Vienna Secession. Klimt took a keen interest in Schiele and bought his drawings while also introducing him to other patrons. Schieles early works show a strong influence of art nouveau and the style of the Vienna Secession. Klimt invited Schiele to exhibit his work at the 1909 Vienna Kuntschau. Schiele encountered the work of many other artists at the event, including Edvard Munch and Vincent van Gogh. Shortly after, Schieles work began to explore the human form in a sometimes sexually explicit manner. His 1910 painting Kneeling Nude with Raised Hands is seen as one of the most important nude pieces of the early 20th century. However, many observers at the time considered Schieles frank sexual content disturbing. In later years, Schiele distanced himself from Klimts ornate art nouveau-inspired aesthetic. Instead, his works began to take on a dark, emotional feel, emphasizing the intensity of human psychology. Arrest and Controversy From 1910 to 1912, Schiele participated in a wide range of group shows in Prague, Budapest, Cologne, and Munich. He founded the Neukunstgrupped (New Art Group) as a rebellion against the conservative nature of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. The group included other young artists such as Austrian expressionist Oskar Kokoschka. In 1911, Schiele met 17-year-old Walburga Neuzil. Neuzil lived with Schiele and served as a model for many of his paintings. Together, they left Vienna for Krumau, a small town that is now part of the Czech Republic. It was the birthplace of Egons mother. The couple was driven out of the town by local residents who disapproved of their way of life, including the fact that Schiele hired local teenage girls as nude models. Schiele and Neuzel moved to the small Austrian town of Neulengbach, about 35 kilometers west of Vienna. Egons art studio became a gathering place for local teenagers, and in 1912, he was arrested for seducing a young underaged girl. Police searching the studio seized more than one hundred drawings considered pornographic. A judge later dropped charges of seduction and abduction but convicted the artist of exhibiting erotic works in places accessible to children. He spent 24 days in jail. Schiele painted Self-Portrait with Chinese Lantern Plant in 1912. Historians consider it one of his most significant self-portraits. He depicted himself staring at viewers in a confident fashion. It avoids an idealized view of the artist by showing lines and scars on his face and neck. It was exhibited in Munich in 1912 and now resides in Viennas Leopold Museum. In 1913, the Galerie Hans Goltz produced Egon Schieles first solo show. He had another solo exhibition in Paris in 1914. In 1915, Schiele decided to marry Edith Harms, a daughter of middle-class parents in Vienna. He reportedly expected to also keep his relationship with Walburga Neuzil, but when she found out about the intent to marry Edith, she left, and Schiele never saw her again. He painted Death and the Maiden in response to the split with Neuzil, and he married Edith on June 17, 1915. Military Service Schiele avoided signing up to fight in World War I for nearly a year, but three days after his wedding, authorities called him to active duty in the army. Edith followed him to Prague, the city where he was stationed, and they were allowed to occasionally see each other. Despite his military service guarding and escorting Russian prisoners, Schiele continued to paint and exhibit his work. He had shows in Zurich, Prague, and Dresden. Due to a heart condition, Schiele received a desk job assignment as a clerk at a prisoner of war camp. There, he drew and painted imprisoned Russian officers. Final Years and Death In 1917, Schiele returned to Vienna and co-founded the Vienna Kunsthalle (Art Hall) with his mentor, Gustav Klimt. Schiele painted prolifically and participated in the Vienna Secessions 49th exhibit in 1918. Fifty of his works were displayed in the main hall of the event. The exhibition was a rousing success. In 1918, the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic struck Vienna. Six months pregnant, Edith Schiele died of the flu on October 28, 1918. Egon Schiele died three days later. He was 28 years old. Legacy Egon Schiele was a crucial figure in the development of Expressionism in painting. Schiele painted a phenomenal number of self-portraits and executed more than 3,000 drawings. His works often have stark emotional content in addition to the frank study of the human body. He worked alongside both Gustav Klimt and Oskar Kokoschka, other key Austrian artists of the era. Schieles short yet prolific art career, the sexually explicit content of his work, and the allegations of sexual misconduct against the artist himself have made him the subject of multiple films, essays, and dance productions. The Leopold Museum in Vienna has the most extensive collection of Schieles work: over 200 pieces. Schieles work draws some of the highest contemporary prices at auction. In 2011, Houses With Colorful Laundry (Suburb II) sold for $40.1 million. In 2018, the 100th anniversary of Egon Schieles death inspired significant exhibitions of his work in London, Paris, and New York. Source Natter, Tobias G. Egon Schiele: The Complete Paintings, 1909-1918. Taschen, 2017.

E-Commerce Infrastructure - EBay Strategy Focus Essay - 1

E-Commerce Infrastructure - EBay Strategy Focus - Essay Example In the present global environment, e-business has gained strong popularity. As internal and external electronic communication within the business processes has become almost unavoidable, the efficiency of the e-business applications is increasing with time. Hence, e-business is defined as the business transaction which takes place with the use of communication and information technologies. It mainly includes three primary functions which are: a) it includes commercial activities like, purchase or sale of products or services electronically; b) various business activities like, customer relationship marketing, enterprise resource planning and new product innovation; c) social activities like, cultural enforcement and social interaction. The e-business application has been classified into various categories i.e. Business to Consumer (B2C); Business to Business (B2B); Government to Citizen (G2C) and finally, Business to Government (B2G). The main components of this application include: 2) The software applications manage the business transactions in e-business. Examples of such transactions include the presentation of detailed information, storage or retrieval of data in the databases and exchange of information in an appropriate manner. The web applications include electronic marketplace or any company website and provide a global recognition to the businesses. Thus, it is important that the software applications are well-integrated within the web applications so that the task gets completed in much easier manner. a) Informative: The main purpose of this informative e-business application is to provide professional, technical and other business information. The informative transactions mainly include business communication transactions, corporate website information and e-promotions by means of e-mails and e-newsletters. Current developments in web technologies like Extensible Markup Language aims at developing a unified framework for the unstructured informative transactions.  

Substance Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Substance Abuse - Research Paper Example However, according to National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA 2011), it is a common misreading that drug abusers lack moral principles or will power essential for changing their behavioral traits. In reality, drug addiction is a complicated state of health which encourages compulsive drug abuse in individuals. As a result, it becomes very difficult for users to give up the habit despite their aspiration to do so. This paper will evaluate various causes and implications of substance abuse specifically about the use of alcohol, prescribed drugs, and illegal drugs. Alcohol abuse To begin with, in American society, numerous beliefs persist regarding alcohol consumption. In the colonial era, the American community believed that alcohol was the â€Å"good gift of god† solely meant enjoyment. However, decades later, US government prohibited alcohol sale and consumption in the country as the science proved that alcohol consumption raised serious issues such as poverty, violence, and he alth problems. However, now US regulations allow people to enjoy alcohol beverage. Subsequently, the number of younger alcoholics is alarmingly increasing in the present US society. As per the reports of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Oct 22, 2010), 14,046 people die each year due to alcoholic liver diseases; and at the same time, alcohol induced deaths excluding accidents and homicides constitutes 23,199. Prescription drugs abuse From the legal point of view, a prescription drug is a licensed medicine which can be legally used with the prescription of a physician. Heroin and aspirin are the examples of prescription drugs. Although they are licensed medicine, they also can cause many health issues. Generally, dispensation of prescription drugs includes a detailed description regarding its contents. In United States, a special regulation called Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines prescription drug requirements. According to this act, medical practitioners who pr escribe a drug must possess specific qualifications. Furthermore, while prescribing medical drugs, a physician must make his patient aware of the intended effects of the drugs and its expected side effects. However, prescription drugs are largely misused for intoxication purposes across the States, which has evoked the governmental attention to the issue. Obviously, unethical drug marketing plays a major role in the rampant growth of prescription drug abuse. Illegal drug abuse Illegal drug trade offers large opportunities to global black markets as it includes the manufacture, distribution, and sale of substances which are prohibited by drug prevention laws. Hashish, Cocaine, and Crack are some of the examples of illegal drugs. According to the UN report, â€Å"global drug trade generated an estimated $321.6 billion in 2003† (Pollard, 2005). The drug prevention laws were the main causes that persuaded international black markets to trade drugs illegally. Despite the strict re gulations and penalties imposed on illegal drug traders and users, the US government has not yet succeeded to control this illegal activity. Illegal drugs leave more dreadful impacts than legal drugs on users because the illicit drug manufacturers add excessive addictives to their products with intent to attract and retain more users. Causes of substance abuse Undoubtedly substance abuse is a serious problem that affects a person both mentally and

Doha Rounds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Doha Rounds - Essay Example Noteworthy is that a decision action has been avoided due to many considerations, and the Global Economic Crisis (GEC) is one of the most outstanding factors that probably demotivates some countries. This has undoubtedly altered the framework wherein the Doha Round is placed and is prone to lead the concerned countries rethink and reconsider the future. Admittedly, there was a disagreement and a divide on various issues between some countries with respect to agriculture, industrial tariffs and non-tariff barriers, services, and trade remedies.1 The countries concerned range between developed ones under the auspices of European Union (EU), the United States (US) and Japan and the major developing ones represented by India, Brazil, China, and South Africa. As a matter of fact, the Doha Round commenced at a ministerial-level conference in the Qatari capital, Doha in 2001. After that international meeting, other ministerial conferences were held in Cancun, Mexico (2003), Hong Kong (2005). Moreover, it is important to underline that many negotiations tackling the same summit took place in Switzerland (in 2004-2006-2008). Parallel to that, some meetings were led in Paris, France (2008) and Postdam, Germany (2007). Accordingly, the Doha Round turned out to be the first major multilateral trade negotiation, yet it failed. Such collapse marks a historic reversal in the steady progress vis-Ã  -vis the liberalization of world trade over the coming years. The most recent round of negotiations took place two years ago on July 23-29, 2008. It also failed as long as the participating countries were unable to reach a consensus and a compromise on agricultural import rules. 2 Also, there was a conflict and a heated debate between the U.S, China, and India so that they could accept the negotiation modalities. It is also worthwhile mentioning that during the preparatory process, two major developing

Chinese Ccot Essay Example for Free

Chinese Ccot Essay CAC Global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs was significant to the world. It affects how well the country is running and makes it under control. Global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs has changed and continued in China from 500 to 1750. As time progressed, trade patterns and the economy became sophisticated and prominent. Many people began to depend and on the economic issues. Currency has changed into silver which became a huge demand. Today, the global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs is the way due to history. Due to unfortunate circumstances involved changed in currency and a look of diffusion, Chinese economy shifted a bit. As China developed lost contact with foreign regions and faced different conflicts, they changed trade patterns and domestic affairs. From the time period of 500 to 1750, the change and continuity of the use of Silk Road/Indian Ocean basin, the use of currency, and exporting goods stimulated in the global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs. China has prospered from the Silk Road from a long period of time. Once the Silk Road was established, it led to establishments of other intricate network of trade routes. It was a trade route across land masses which connected East, South, and Western Asia. Trades on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations and it helped lay foundations for the modern world. Many goods such as jewelries, spices, medicines, textiles, and etc were traded. The Silk Road was a source of cultural and economic diffusion between Asian and European societies. The Silk Road was always active and it became very prominent in the later years. However, due to bubonic plague (Black Death) that traveled, many merchants died and got ill. Also, there were many bandits there who stole stuff so many people started to not use the road. Also, soon, the maritime trade got popular so many people got involved in the seafaring trade in the ocean. The Silk Road became less used and slowly lost fame. Due to the diffusion that went in and out, its disconnection had a significant fee on China. China lost contact with foreign people and lost relationship with the outside world of global ideas, cultures, and technology. China especially became limited in foreign affairs with the Europeans. Not many people traded and not many people came into the Silk Road so it led to the downfall of Chinas economy. The continuity that occurred was that the Silk Road was still being used. Even though all these disasters were occurring, people were still using the Silk Road to trade and to traveling. China depended and used the barter system for a long period of time. The barter system was trading item for an item and relying on interpersonal relationships for business. However, under the Ming dynasty, the currency was changed into silver. Silver was being imported and exported from many regions into China, where thriving domestic economy demanded increasing quantities of silver. The demand of silver was so high that Europeans exchanged silver for Chinese gold which they got more profit from in Japan. The Ming dynasty in China only accepted silver and nothing else. All taxes were to be paid with silver and traded with silver which led to the frantic demand of silver. The monopolization of silver led many people to get silver because only silver was accepted. However, the silver became overpriced since it was used as currency which led the Ming dynasty to not release silver in public. his lack of circulation had a huge impact on the economy which led to the downfall of the Ming dynasty. The change in currency damaged the Chinese economy so the currency changed. However, they used the currency to make the economy running by changing currencies. From the time period from 500 to 1750, China always has been manufacturing and producing their own needs. They imported goods they didnt have or things that couldnt be grown in their region but it wasnt common. Also, China always been exporting because of the amount of resources they had(huge). Their goods changed as time progressed and they imported/exported different goods. The Chinese people exported luxury times, slaves, jewelries, corn, and etc from different time periods. However, they were always exporting goods which circulated and stimulated the world economy today too. China supported silver during the Ming dynasty which became in very high demand. China exported large amount of goods of luxury items in order to pay for the silver. The continuity that occurred was always has using the Indian Ocean Basin for trade and exporting goods. It was their maritime trade route which has been continuous like the Silk Road. Chinese cargos constantly roamed around the Indian Ocean Basin. exporting and selling goods all over the world, stimulating the world economy. Chinas global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs changed and continued from 500 to 1750. China always had resources and goods available. China didnt have to import often because most of the products were often produced or grown in China. However, China exported tons of things under the Indian Ocean basin. Not only did they only use the Indian Ocean Basin but also the Silk Road. The Silk Road was an important factor in trading and in diffusion. However, due to diseases, maritime trade, and bandits, the Silk Road lost fame. The change of in currency into silver under the Ming dynasty also had a big impact on Chinas economy. These factors had a significant impact in the circulation of global ideas, traditions, and technology. These factors also led to the change and continuity of global trade patterns and domestic economic affairs from 500 to 1750.

The Mental Health Effects of Maquiladora Work on Mexican Women :: Essays Papers

The Mental Health Effects of Maquiladora Work on Mexican Women: Sources of Stress and its Consequences â€Å"The U.S.-Mexican border es una herida abierta where the Third World grates against the first and bleeds. . .†-- Gloria Anzaldua Introduction Submerged in the impoverished urban border culture which they helped create, the maquiladoras draw young women north from all over Mexico’s interior. The women migrate with hopes of acquiring jobs in the booming foreign-owned factories and are plunged into a new border â€Å"country† that is far from a promised land. Maquiladoras are a financial endeavor for foreign industrialists who hope that by situating factories in Third World countries they will substantially cut production costs. The industrialists have been accused of taking advantage of Mexico’s cheaply accessible labor force and less restrictive health and safety codes in order to achieve these lower production costs. While preliminary surveys on the effects of maquiladora work on women’s physical health show little to no adverse side effects, researchers and advocates are not completely convinced that long term health effects will prove positive. The emotional and psychological stresses of working in a maquiladora are tremendous and should be examined just as seriously as the physical effects. The female workers live a life of insecurity, instability, oppression, submission, and exhaustion. They face jolting lifestyle changes and even when working full time, have trouble making enough money to cover basic living costs. They are pawns in a First World economic strategy that hopes to wring as much cheap labor out of the women as it can, paying female workers in Mexico’s northern states an average of only four dollars a day for workdays that typically run from 7:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.. High levels of stress accountable to both working in the maquiladora itself and the to lifestyle it promotes attribute to depression, substance abuse and even physically manifested ailments. This paper will examine the different sources of stress that affect the mental health of female maquiladora workers in an attempt to understand the overa ll health issues of the border culture. Overview of Potential Stressors Affecting Mental Health A great majority of maquiladora employees are young women who have migrated to the border area from â€Å"supporting agricultural [regions]† (Cravey, 6). Migration, itself, is a complicated process which could have profound affects on the mental health of maquiladora workers. Migration has been found to have negative effects

Enlightenment Movie Study

The Enlightenment Movie Study Guide Part One 1. What other names is often used when referring to the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment is often referred to as the Age of Reason 2. What was Sir Issac Newton's role in the Enlightenment? Identified other natural laws to explain the workings of the universe 3. What changes did they encourage for social progress? Religious tolerance, education reforms, and prison reforms 4. What long-standing political belief did Enlightenment thinkers question? Monarchs rule by divine rightPart Two 5. What important idea did John Locke write about in the Two Treatises of Government? He argued that government should protect people's natural rights to life, liberty, and property 6. What was Voltaire's role in the Enlightenment Era? He wrote plays, novels, and essays attacking slavery, religious intolerance, and other social and political injustices. Passionate advocate for â€Å"Freedom of Speech† Part Three 7. What important political idea did Monte squieu introduce? Introduced the concept of â€Å"Check and balances† . How did Jean-Jacque Rousseau ideas differ from other Enlightenment philosophers? Criticized what he saw as the Enlightenment's excessive reliance on reason, argued  that people should trust their instincts and emotions Part Four 9. Explain the Main Idea behind Rousseau's Social Contract? He explained that government should be based on a contract that allows people to rule themselves by adhering to the general will 10. Analyze which Enlightenment philosopher expressed the most democratic ideas.Use at least three facts from the movies to support your answer. Charles de Montesquieu was a 18th century French philosopher who expressed the most democratic ideas during his time. He divided power between the king and parliament, much like the president and congress. He advocated dividing the government into three independent branches: the executive, legislative and judicial. He had a strong belief for equal dis tribution of power amongst the branches. Therefore, he introduced the concept of â€Å"Checks and Balances. †

Sex deformities at birth or at any other time

Sometimes, a boy may be born with small pennies (micropenis) or they may have the penis missing at all. My people have continuously referred to the sex organ to determine the sex of the child and therefore boy without penies may mistakably be taken as a girl. However, research has proved that there are may other factors that should be considered in determining the sex of a child.A boy may be born with micropennis or without a penies due to a number of defects including cloacal exstrophy which affects the bladder.   It may also b due to an accident at birth like a mishandled circumcision, which is normally referred to as ablation penis. The issue of concern around such cases is whether these children should be taken as a boy or a girl.The theory underlying ablation penies is that when a boy is born without a penies or loses penis as a result of circumcision, the child can be brought up as a girl and by the time they reach puberty, oestrogen can be introduced in her body to induce de velopment of female characteristics.   In this paper we are going to review one of study on ablation penis which was research by John Money in 1975.John/Joan caseThe 1975 study has been considered as a study of opportunity since the set involve twin brothers with one brother acting as control for the study.   The study was about John who penis had been distorted in a botched circumcision and was later reassigned as a female while his brother acted as the control for the study.In his work Money had encountered the two twins who had been born in 1960s. When they reached the age of 7months, the boys were recommended to undergo circumcision since they were developing phimosis, a condition which leads to narrowing of the opening of the foreskin. While undergoing circumcision, one of the boys, John was severely burned by an electrocautery knife in his pennies which was completely destroyed. (Money, 1975)This incident would affect the life of the boy in severe way. One of the psychiatr ist postulated that the boy would no be able to consummate marriage since he would be incapacitated to have a heterosexual relationship. This would severely affect his relationship with other people especially the fellow boys and therefore he will be forced to live apart from others. Something had to be done to change his course of life.When Money learned about the plight of the boy, he suggested to the parents that the boy to be reassigned as a grail. Money recommended that the boy should undergo a surgical process to create a female genitalia organ by removing the male penis and should be raise as a girl.   When the boy reached 17 months, surgeons removed his testes reshaping the scrotum like a vulva. Henceforth, John became Joan and was raised like a girl by his parents. John/Joan did not experience any trauma or suspicion. (Money, 1975)John Money, who had done extensive research on the hermaphroditic children, based his argument on that at birth infants are sexually neutral an d malleable for a window period which last from birth to about 18-24 months. It is during the window period that sexual identity is formed and fixed.   According to Money social imprinting and learning are the most important factors that affect psychosexual development. This assertion was inconsistent with many researches that had been done on acquisition of language.Therefore in this case John/Joan was the subject of study while his brother was the control. The twins were evaluated on regular bases at Hopkins. At puberty, Money reevaluated their psychosexual development and confirmed in his 1975 publication that John/Joan behavior confirmed her as a girls and no one would conjecture that Joan had been born as boy.   Joan behaviors were like that of a little girl and were remarkably different from that of her/his brother. (Money, 1975)Money publication was important in the field as is confirmed that plasticity could be used in gender as well.   This confirmed that an infant wh o had been born as an unambiguous male could be successfully reassigned as a female and henceforth grows as a normal girl. Money’s publication formed the basic practice for pediatricians taking care of infants with ambiguous genitalia. The study showed that genetic make and prenatal endocrinology does not have an effect in assignment of sex.However, a follow up of the study revealed that Joan had exhibited male behaviors contrary to Money’s publication. For example it was revealed that Joan stood up when urinating and she was rejecting by her girlfriends. She was alienated by other girls.Later exploration of the case or what had happened to Joan/John revealed the failure of the process. His twin brother revealed that John had never shown any feminine characteristics.When Joan reached fourteen years, psychiatrist advised his father to reveal the childhood ordeal when John told his mother that he would kill himself if he was taken to Hopkins to be administered with hormo nes. John request for mastectomy which was performed and he became a male again.   He has since then lived as a husband, father and a breadwinner for the family.ConclusionThe case of John/Joan reveals important factor that should be considered when refashioning infants with ambiguous genitalia.   Although this case had shown initial success, the later results which contradict the earlier findings assert that there must be a thorough assessment of sex reassignment before considering their success.These results show that contrary to what has been assumed, children usually observe the pattern of their sexes. Though Joan was supposed to live as a girl, her behaviors never changed and she exhibited male behaviors.ReferencesMoney, J. (1975): Ablatio penis: Normal male infant sex-reassignment as a girl. Archives of Sexual Behaviors, vol. 4: 65-71