The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Various

Sleep deprivation is a common occurrence in modern culture. Every day there seems to be twice as much work and half as much time to complete it in. This results in either extended periods of wakefulness or a decrease in sleep over an extended period of time. While some people may like to believe that they can train their bodies to not require as much sleep as they need, this belief is false. Sleep, by definition, is the natural periodic suspension of voluntary bodily functions and complete or partial suspension of consciousness, during which the powers of the body are restored (Ratcliff & Van Dongen, 2009). Only in the last century have the psychological and scientific areas of study began to investigate and explore the nature, purpose, and properties of sleep. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the value and effect of sleep deprivation on cognition. The majority of articles describe partial sleep deprivation as having negative effects on cognitive, behavioural, physiological, and emotional measures. From this information, it is derived that various cognitive abilities will affect productivity and performance. Therefore, it is hypothesized that sleep deprivation affects cognitive, behavioural, physiological and psychological measures because it increases and worsens stress, impairs cognitive function and emotional stability. How an individual responds to sleep loss, whether it is partial deprivation (sleeping less than 5 hours in one 24-hour period), short-term total sleep deprivation (no sleep for 24-48 hours),and long-term total sleep deprivation (no sleep for more than 48 hours) can vary. Ratcliff et al. 2009) indicate that sleep deprivation has been shown to impact negatively on a wide range of cognitive abilities, such as behavioural, physiological and emotional. For example, mood changes including irritability, fatigue, difficulty in concentration, and disorientation to short-term memory alterations are due to decreased attention, concentration lapses, and decreased motivation. Similar results were published by Alhola & polo-Kantola (2007). The study concluded that the person deprive d of total sleep experiences negative mood, sleepiness, fatigue, and decline in alertness and performance. Some sleep-deprived individuals report visual hallucinations or distortions and feelings of paranoia. Systematic studies of total sleep deprivation have revealed some temporary cognitive deficits but no permanent effects. Kloss, Szuba & Dinges (2002) discovered the most significant effect of sleep loss is the physiological sleepiness, or the tendency to fall asleep when there is a lack of stimuli. Sleepiness becomes extreme after the loss of a single night of sleep. Without competing stimuli, an individual lacking a night’s sleep can fall asleep within 2 or 3 minutes the next day. This can cause dramatic affects on productivity. After about 48 hours without sleep, microsleeps become increasingly more common even when participants are physically active (Kloss et al. , 2002). Microsleeps are essentially several seconds of actual sleep with delta waves that interrupt the regular EEG of a person who is awake, which impairs his or her continuity of cognitive function (Kloss et al. , 2002). Therefore, as sleepiness increases, an individual must increase effort to maintain a stable level of performance because microsleep generally happens directly before performance failure occurs. In addition to the impairment of cognitive functions, adult symptoms of sleep deprivation may vary from those of a child. Yawning constantly, dozing off while watching a television show, poor concentration and grogginess while waking up are some of the symptoms adults display when they are deprived of sleep (Dahl, 1999). The symptoms of a sleep-deprived child include irritability, daytime naps, tantrums, hyperactive behaviour, and moodiness. Getting out of bed in the morning is a problem for children who experience sleep deprivation. Adolescents also experience a change in their sleep patterns that their bodies want to stay up late and wake up later, which often leads to them trying to catch up on sleep during the weekend (Dahl, 1999). This sleep schedule irregularity can actually aggravate the problems and make getting to sleep at a reasonable hour during the week even harder. According to Dahl (1999), following sleep loss and hyperactive behaviour, changes in attention and performance also represent a complex area of investigation in children and adolescents. Sleep loss is associated with brief mental lapses in attention during simple tasks that can be partially offset by increased effort or motivation. Sleep deprivation can sometimes mimic or exacerbate symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including distractibility, impulsivity, and difficulty with effortful control of attention. There is also emerging evidence that sleep deprivation has marked influences on the ability to perform complex tasks or tasks that require attention in two or more areas at the same time (Dahl, 1999). Therefore, a teenager should try to go to bed at the same time every night and wake up at the same time every morning, allowing for at least 8 to 9 hours of sleep. On the other hand, many people are suffering from daytime sleepiness so pervasive that it interferes with their daily activities because they do not get the optimal amount of sleep they their bodies need. Lack of sleep and sleep problems can have serious, life-threatening consequences, as well as a significant impact on productivity (Alhola et al. , 2007). Many people suffering from routine sleep loss are not even aware of it, and many who do realize they are not getting enough sleep are not aware of what it is costing them. Sleep loss creates sleepiness, which can be associated with decrements in vigilance, reaction time, memory, psychomotor coordination, information processing, and decision-making (Rosekind et al. , 1996). With increasing sleepiness, individuals demonstrate poorer performance despite increased effort, and they may report indifference regarding the outcome of their performance. Even severely sleep deprived people are still able to perform to some degree on a verbal learning test. This implies that some other area of the brain must become active to compensate for the loss of temporal lobe functioning. Even though they can perform to some degree, sleep deprived people still do not perform as well on these tests as do fully rested subjects Rosekind et al. (1996) illustrate that not getting enough sleep affects the people in several ways, such as problem solving skills are impaired. Sleep loss noticeably impairs our ability to comprehend apidly changing situations, increases the likelihood of distraction, makes us think more rigidly and less flexibly, and reduces our ability to produce innovative solutions to problems. In addition, our communication skills also suffer because sleep loss reduces the words in vocabulary both verbally and in writing (Rosekind et al. , 1996). Learning and memory suffer as sleep loss diminishes scores on tests of memory, verbal fluency and overall creativity (Rosekind et al. , 1996). Therefore, if a person is not able to get a full night's sleep after learning something new, he will not remember the new knowledge well. He will not fully assimilate the new ideas or task until he is able to go through a complete night of uninterrupted sleep cycles. In relation to our communication and memory skills, being sleepy on the job, whether the cause is simple sleep deprivation or an undiagnosed or untreated sleep disorder, can also have a vital impact on how well workers can do their job. For example, night-shift workers have poorer daytime sleep, reduced night-time alertness and performance, and an increased accident rate (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). Since sleep deprivation causes individuals to feel so sleepy during the day, their concentration and performance suffer significantly. For example, sleep deprivation often leads to an increase in the incidence of motor vehicle accidents. One study found that individuals suffering from fatigue due to sleep apnea are six times more likely to have a motor vehicle accident than persons who are not suffering from fatigue (Williamson et al. , 2000). This is partly due to the person being groggy or sleepy due to lack of rest. It is also partly due to the fact that sleep deprived people tend to fall into sleep for very brief periods at unforeseen times. They also are more disposed to industrial accidents than non-apnea workers (Kloss et al. , 2002). Therefore, there is a direct connection between sleepiness and impaired hand-eye coordination. The degree of impairment has led researchers to compare it in severity to drunkenness and this can be represented by having an untreated sleep disorder such as insomnia, narcolepsy, or sleep apnea significantly increases the risk of having a motor vehicle accident. Since sleep deprivation increases the likelihood of having a motor vehicle accident, sleep is needed to regenerate certain parts of the body, especially the brain, so that it may continue to function optimally (Landsness et al. , 2009). After periods of extended wakefulness or reduced sleep neurons may begin to malfunction, visibly affecting a person's behaviour. Some organs, such as muscles, are able to regenerate even when a person is not sleeping so long as they are resting (Landsness et al. , 2009). This could involve lying awake but relaxed within a quite environment. Different parts of the brain are rested and regenerated during different phases of sleep. During some phases of sleep, the neurons in the cerebral cortex regenerate (Landsness et al. , 2009). If sleep is interrupted so that this regeneration cannot occur, speech may be affected, since the temporal lobe of the brain is what controls speech (Alhola et al. , 2007). People who do not get enough sleep often have slurred speech. There is also measurably less activity in their temporal lobes than in those of well-rested people (Alhola et al. , 2007). During Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, memories are consolidated and categorized by the brain (Ellenbogen, 2010). New synaptic connections are also formed during REM sleep, aiding learning. If REM sleep is cut short, long-term memory may be affected and new knowledge might not be retained (Ellenbogen, 2010). Conversely, short-term memory might be better in the sleep deprived person because the part of the brain that controls short-term memory contains memories that are still fresh. In order to counteract sleep deprivation effects, the brain works harder but the effectiveness is low. There is a drop in the concentration level and it affects memory too (Lim & Dinges, 2010). The effects of sleep deprivation include slurred and fragmented speech and slowing down of mental reaction time. Problem solving and decision making abilities of the brain are affected. Due to rigid thought patterns of the brain, new problem solving ideas do not get generated, and hallucinations are common for people who have insufficient rest (Kloss et al. , 2002). Sleep deprivation causes deterioration in emotional mood of human beings. Irritability and short temper are two common symptoms of sleep deprivation (Dahl, 1999). Consequently, emotional outbursts and even violence are noticed among people who are deprived of sleep because of a loss of emotional control (Dahl, 1999). Sleepiness leads to rise in stress and anxiety levels of these individuals. Stress and anxiety in turn will lead to insomnia and this kind of vicious cycle will lead to anxiety disorders and depression, if left unchecked. Our emotional moods are affected by exhaustion and fatigue. This condition in turn will lead to pessimism, sadness, stress and anger (Jennings et al. , 2003). To function effectively, the frontal cortex of our brain needs sufficient sleep. The ability to control speech, problem solving and accessing memory is all controlled by the frontal cortex and if there is not enough rest, these abilities are affected (Landsness et al. , 2009). One thing is for certain, that chronic sleep loss may lead to deterioration of mood and motivation, decrease in attention, energy, and concentration. It also causes an increase in fatigue, irritability, tension, anxiety, and depression (Jennings et al. , 2003). Any one of these consequences of sleep deprivation can seriously affect productivity and performance. There is no question about it that the problem of sleep loss and fatigue is one that impacts significantly on the professional and personal lives of all humans. In association to all these studies, the purpose of this essay was to analyze the importance of sleep deprivation on cognition. There is considerable evidence to support the hypothesis that sleep deprivation has negative effects on neurobehavioural (sustained attention, reaction time, and vigilance) and cognitive (memory and reasoning) performance in humans (Rosekind et al. , 1996, Williamson et al. , 2000, Kloss et al. , 2002 & Alhola et al. , 2007). In some ways, sleep deprivation studies help us to study and understand the relationship between the brain and behaviour in a very unique way by observing how a person's behaviour changes as the brain shuts down. Just like a person cannot jog for three continuous days, a person's brain cannot operate without rest breaks. Since different regions of the brain rest during different stages of the sleep cycle, sleep cannot be cut short (Landsness et al. , 2009). Therefore, too little sleep can influence our intellectual capabilities, emotions, and motor performances, which creates major issues for sleep deprived drivers because they are falling asleep at the wheel. To reduce our behaviour in sleep deprivation, it is important for us to manage our activity so that we have more time to sleep. So, to have a good quality and quantity of sleep, time management is the key.

Major Inventions of the Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century

They have been many major inventions within the late 19th and early 20th century. Throughout history, these inventions have made great impacts on society. Three of these inventions that made the greatest impact are the telephone, the telegraph, and the light bulb. Each of these inventions has made a different impact in some way but they are still some of the greatest inventions.The telephone has left a huge impact on the world. The telephone is a device that can electronically transmit speech. Telephones are still today. People ranted about the helpful characteristics of the telephone.The telephone made communication easier and faster for people. It led to additional advances in networked communications. It also led to more job offerings, changes marketing and politics, and allowed more public feedback. At the same time privacy was a concern, but the telephone also increased privacy in many ways.It helped so people did not have to write letters to exchange information, yet people cou ld eavesdrop on phone calls since they would have to go to a local store to make a phone call. The telephone usage has increased at high percentages since it was created.The telephone has made the world smaller and more accessible to everyone. The telegraph was another invention that left a great impact on society. The telegraph worked by transmitting electrical signals of dots and dashes over a wire laid between stations.Within only nine years of the telegraph’s first message, only one state was not connected by telegraph. The telegraph reducing the amount of time it took to transfer information over large distances from weeks down to hours or minutes. The telegraph led to the inventions of the telephone, fax machines, and the Internet.The telegraph laid the basis for the communications revolution that led to those later inventions. The light bulb had its on major impact on society. The light bulb is the first electrical light used. The light bulb has made working for longer hours possible. It has also removed fire hazards like oil lamps and candles.Light bulbs help you work at all possible hours instead of being interrupted when the sun goes down. The light bulb impacts society with other inventions that use light bulbs as a main resource such as the flashlight, the microwave oven, head lamps, and light houses.They also allowed people to move around at night without any dangers. When cars were invented, light bulbs were used for head lights and traffic lights. Light bulbs became a major resource of light for many people since they was invented. There are many inventions that impacted society within the late 19th century and the early 20th century.Light bulb, telephone, and the telegraph are the three major inventions that had the greatest impact on society. They have all made different types of impacts in several different ways but they are still considered to be some of the greatest inventions in history.

Brainstorming and Ideas Essay Sample

What is Brainstorming?* Brainstorming is a tool used by squads to convey out the thoughts of each person and show them in an orderly manner to the remainder of the squad. * Brainstorming creates new thoughts. solves jobs. motivates and develops squads. Brainstorming motivates because it involves members of a squad in bigger direction issues. and it gets a squad working together. However. brainstorming is non merely a random activity. Brainstorming demands to be structured and it follows brainstorming regulations. The brainstorming procedure is described below. for which you will necessitate a flip-chart or alternate. * This is important as Brainstorming demands to affect the squad. which means that everyone must be able to see what’s go oning. Brainstorming places a important load on the facilitator to pull off the procedure. people’s engagement and sensitivenesss. and so to pull off the follow up actions. Use Brainstorming good and you will see first-class consequences in bettering the organisation. public presentation. and developing the squad. Why should a squad make Brainstorming? Brainstorming helps a squad interruption free of old and uneffective thoughts. This free-wheeling technique for bring forthing thoughts may bring forth some that seem crazy. but it can take to new and original solutions to jobs. Some of the specific benefits of Brainstorming: * Encourages creativeness. It expands your thought to include all facets of a job or a solution. You can place a broad scope of options. * Quickly produces a big figure of thoughts. By promoting people to offer whatever thoughts come to mind. it helps groups develop many thoughts rapidly. * Equalizes engagement by all squad members. It provides anon-judgmental environment that encourages everyone to offer thoughts. All thoughts are recorded. * Stephen fosters a sense of ownership. Having all members actively take part in the Brainstorming procedure Fosters a sense of ownership in the subject discussed and in the resulting activities. When the people on a squad contribute personally to the way of a determination. they are more likely to back up it. * Provides input to other tools. You may desire to affinitize the brainstormed thoughts. And. if appropriate. you can work with the squad to cut down the figure of thoughts by Multi-voting. Brainstorming is utile when you want to bring forth a big figure of thoughts about issues to undertake. possible causes of jobs. attacks to utilize. or actions to take. What are the land regulations for Brainstorming?For all participants to bask a originative and productive Brainstorming experience. the facilitator needs to reexamine and acquire team members’ buy-in on the land regulations for the session. These are the regulations: * Active engagement by all squad members. Everyone expresses his or her thoughts. even if they seem silly or far out. * No discussion—criticisms. regards. or other comments—during the insight. * Build on thoughts generated by other squad members. * All thoughts written precisely as presented and displayed where everyone can see them. * Set a clip bound.* Clarify thoughts. After the insight. travel over the list to do certain that all squad members understand the thoughts. Remember that you are merely clear uping the thoughts. non doing judgements about them. * Combine thoughts. See whether two or more thoughts that appear to be the same can be combined. How is a Brainstorming session conducted? The recommended sequence for carry oning Brainstorming and some suggestions for carry oning the session efficaciously are provided below: * Review the regulations for Brainstorming. Describe how this session will be conducted by traveling over the points below. * Set a clip bound for Brainstorming. delegate a timer and informations recording equipment. and get down the clock. Brainstorming should be a rapid coevals of thoughts. so make it rapidly ; 5-15 proceedingss works good. If the clip bound has expired and thoughts are still being generated. you can widen the clip bound at five-minute intervals. * State the subject to be brainstormed in the signifier of a inquiry. Write it down and post it where everyone can mention to it. Guarantee that everyone understands it. * Collect everyone’s thoughts. After leting a few proceedingss for the participants to believe about the inquiry. inquire them to give their thoughts. Establish either a structured or unstructured format for namin g out thoughts: * Structured: The facilitator establishes a rotary motion that enables each individual in the group to lend an thought in bend. Any single who is non ready with an thought when his or her bend comes can go through until the following unit of ammunition. when he or she may offer an thought or base on balls once more. * Unstructured: Team members call out thoughts as they come to mind. This method calls for close monitoring by the facilitator to implement the land regulations and guarantee that all squad members have a opportunity to take part. * Record thought on a chart battalion as they are called out. or cod thoughts written by squad members on Post-Its. Expose the thoughts where everyone can see them. Having the words seeable to everyone at the same clip avoids misunderstanding and duplicate and helps excite originative thought by other squad members. * When entering thoughts. guarantee that they are written down precisely as spoken by the squad member. Don’t interpret. * Clarify each thought after all thoughts have been presented. to guarantee that all members have the same apprehension of it. Indicating to each thought on the chart battalion in bend. inquire the participants whether they have any inquiries about its significance. You may hold to inquire the subscriber to explicate the thought in a different manner. * Eliminate duplicates. If two or mo re thoughts appear to intend the same thing. you should seek to unite them or extinguish the extras. Before you can wrap the similar thoughts into a individual point or extinguish any points on the list. all of those who contributed the similar thoughts must hold that they mean the same thing. Otherwise. they remain as separate points. Brainstorming Techniques * Clustering1. Get down with the chief subject of your essay. Write that word in the centre of your paper. 2. Write down any sub-topics that are connected to that chief subject. Draw arrows to the sub-topics from the chief subject. 3. If you have new thoughts. connect those words to the appropriate sub-topic. * Listing/Bulleting 1. Make a list of terms/ideas/concepts about the subject. 2. Create multiple lists depending on the intent.* Making a CubeSide One: Describe the subject.Side Two: Compare the subject.Side Three: Associate the subject.Side Four: Analyze the subject.Side Five: Use the subject.Side Six: Argue for or against the subject.* Venn Diagram1. Pull two circles that connect. like this: 2. List two subjects above the circles.3. Brainstorm about the subjects – what do they hold in common and what is alone about each one. * Tree Diagram* This diagram has a cardinal thought to which you add subdivisions that focus on inside informations. * Act like a Journalist* It answers the inquiries on what. where. when. why and how * T-Diagram* Using a T form. name a class that you want to compare or contrast about a specific subject or subjects. Make this for a assortment of classs. The Philosophy of BrainstormingBy forcing past the obvious. brainstorming has penetrated the doctrine of the normative and gave birth to a whole new doctrine. the doctrine of spontaneousness. Truly being self-generated consequences to being more originative. â€Å"Brainstorming is a originative thought procedure that can be undertaken as a group activity. though there are a few instances where persons besides use same technique to bring forth wide. diverse and originative thoughts particularly targeted towards work outing a particular job. There are several fluctuations of this technique but across all. there are a few cardinal similarities. One of the supposed cardinal feature of brainstorming is the spontaneousness of the thought coevals procedure. It would look like the more self-generated the brainstorming session is. the more legitimate it is. the more consequences or originative thoughts we believe we can bring forth. It is this cardinal thought that I truly want to dispute. The chief idea behind this spontaneousness of thought coevals is that it is assumed that when thoughts are self-generated. they are fresh. originative and uninhibited by bing believing. pre-conceived thoughts or antecedently tested solutions. As the brainstorming procedure is normally deployed where the job is intractable. new or when the state of affairs has grown to new dimensions. it is hence thought that the ‘spontaneity’ helps unlock new. originative and breakthrough thoughts. However. when you truly halt and believe about it. where and when do you truly acquire your best thoughts? Where do you acquire your most originative and advanced ideas? Does that co-occur with a certain clip of the twenty-four hours and is it when you do a certain activity? Does music or doodling aid? Make you necessitate to be by yourself to be most originative? Knocking each other’s ideas ; this is non even acceptable. if you go by the purist position of brainstorming. So if brainsto rming does non enable the coevals of discovery thoughts and thought. so where and how do we bring forth and acquire our best thoughts from? I have asked this inquiry to quite a few people and professionals for that affair and they were rather consentaneous that originative thoughts rarely happened in the office. It was when they were driving. kiping. jogging. tick overing off at Television. taking a shower or a lazy bath or when reading a book in the ‘other’ little room. holding dinner with friends. etc. That is why a few of the world’s greatest thoughts in the last century started in eating houses on paper serviettes. Not surprisingly. it was when people were relaxed. at easiness. non believing about work or that job state of affairs that they were the most originative. Furthermore. it was frequently in the forenoon or tardily in the eventides. but seldom in the afternoon – which is normally when we are at work. brainstorming. Surveies and findings about how the encephalon works corroborates above responses to my inquiry about when people feel they are the most originative and when they had br eakthrough thoughts and ideas in the yesteryear. So. if this is true and research proves it is. why do we still carry on as if a brainstorming session will really make some white infinite for us? What organisations and persons who know and are smart about this bash is that instead than hold a brainstorming session where we recycle thoughts. they really province the job yearss and hebdomads in progress. so that their staff in their ain manner and clip of being originative. will come into the room on that twenty-four hours with clear thought and originative thoughts on how to travel things frontward. † -Business Day. â€Å"The Wisdom of Brainstorming the Contrarian View† by Ted I. Theodore. hypertext transfer protocol: //businessdayonline. com/NG/index. php/work/35370-the-wisdom-of-brainstorming-a-contrarian-view Being originative will ever be a piece on the brainstorming doctrine. for brainstorming is non merely the coevals of thoughts but the coevals of the best thoughts. Harmonizing to Shaina Rozen’s article. Creativity Happens When You Throw out All Ideas. â€Å"We employ this â€Å"reach deeper† brainstorming doctrine in our work and have found that some of the best thoughts are the 1s that come up after we’ve exhausted all our options. In fact. we’ll frequently walk off from a long brainstorming session and come back the following twenty-four hours to rest our heads. digest some of the thoughts. and come back with a clear caput. Albert Einstein said. â€Å"Insanity is making the same thing over and over once more and anticipating the same consequences. † Making the same old brainstorming may give an astonishing thought one time in a piece. but more frequently than non. it’s merely traveling to bring forth second-rate consequences for your client. However. when you spice up your everyday and push yesteryear the obvious. you merely might blow them off. hypertext transfer protocol: //fortyagency. com/insights/creativity-happens-when-you-throw-out-the-obvious-ideas â€Å"The student-brainstormer portions one major feature with the student- bullshitter: she typically has non reflected profoundly about the philosophical issue under treatment. But. unlike the bullshitter. she is eager to research it by dialoging with others. This is because she is personally related to the subject. She takes it to be a unrecorded one ; it means something to her as an person. † – Kerry S. Walters. On Bullshitting and Brainstorming. 1988. BRAINSTORMING TIPS AND TECHNIQUESMind mapsMind function is the easiest and most popular signifier of brainstorming. They’re particularly effectual if you’re brainstorming on your ain. A head map is a graphical representation of all your thoughts linked to and arranged around one cardinal thought. job or subject. There are no regulations to it apart from jotting down everything that comes in your caput. Your head map can be hierarchal or in a tree subdivision format. You can either make mind map on a paper or utilize an on-line plan like Mind Meister which lets you salvage. import and export your head maps and comes with a free version every bit good. Brain mopess Brain mopess are the most fun. Take a piece of paper or open up your word processor and get down composing everything that comes to mind. There’s no regulation stating it has to be related to the undertaking. If you’re brainstorming logo thoughts for a client and happen yourself believing about tiffin. observe down what you want to hold. Trust me. it’s much more productive this manner. Otherwise. you’ll be stuck seeking to come up with Sons while your oral cavity is irrigating as you’re believing about nutrient. Collaboration If you find yourself stuck for thoughts. talk to person and ask for them on board for the undertaking. Get them to brainstorm with you and compare notes. More frequently than non. your brainstorming spouse will pick up something you might hold missed. happen a correlativity or come up with a alone angle that you wouldn’t hold thought of on your ain. If you don’t want to spouse up on the undertaking. that’s mulct. You can still acquire them to join forces with you for brainstorming every bit long as you return the favor. Change by reversal brainstorming Rearward brainstorming can work in two ways. The first is to visualise the consequence you want to accomplish and so work your manner back to the start. For illustration. if you want to compose a web log station. so depending on how you write. your contrary believing timeline will look something like: †¢Respond to remarks †¢Publish station†¢Format station†¢Write station†¢Create an lineation of the station†¢Write rubricThis technique helps you concentrate on countries that you may take for granted and high spots anything that you might hold missed. In the illustration above. you might recognize that you didn’t pay attending to the data format of the station and now know that you need to make The 2nd manner is to inquire yourself the opposite inquiry of what you’re seeking to accomplish. First. inquire yourself ‘How do I accomplish these consequences? ’ and so inquire ‘How make I accomplish the exact antonym? ’ Let’s take this web log station for illustration. When brainstorming the thoughts for this station. I wanted to do this station exceeding. So I asked myself ‘How can I do this station amazing? ’ I drew up a space. I spent an hr looking at my lineation for this station seeking to calculate out how to do it astonis hing. Then I decided to inquire myself ‘How can I do this station mediocre? ’ The reply was gazing me right in the face – for both this inquiry and the one above. I could do this station mediocre by merely explicating the tips and techniques for brainstorming and non giving any illustrations and non demoing how to utilize these tips. Group Sessionss Group Sessionss are great for acquiring past thoughts that have you stuck. If you’re stuck at a peculiar subdivision of your undertaking. a group brainstorming session can be your ticket to lucidity. The people in your group conveying their ain experience and cognition that will assist you happen thoughts for work outing your job. It’s non necessary for the group members to be from the same field as you. Equally long as they have a fundamental apprehension of what you’re seeking to work out. their thoughts can be priceless. Sometimes. even input from person who has no thought what you’re speaking about can assist. Promote them to inquire inquiries and suggest any thought that comes to their caput – even if it seems silly. Having a novice’s position on your job may merely be what you need to happen a solution. Ask Questions Asking inquiries is a great manner to come up with thoughts and replies to your jobs. Use prompters like what. where. who. when. and how. Suppose you’re making a web site for a tooth doctor. inquire ‘Who is the client? ’ The reply will be. people who have jobs with their dentitions. Next. ask. ‘What sort of jobs do they hold? To which you’ll reply ‘Toothaches. pits. dental plates. etc’ and so on until you have all information you need. Put A Time Limit Puting a clip bound is a great technique if you’re pressed for clip or haven’t been able to brainstorm successfully. It forces you to concentrate and come up with every bit many thoughts as it can in the given clip. The continuance of the clip bound depends on you. The bound has to be short plenty to instil a sense of urgency but long plenty to let you to enter all your thoughts. If you’re seeking this technique for the first clip. get down with 10 proceedingss. For bigger undertakings. interrupt your undertakings down in little balls and so brainstorm them one by one. This manner you won’t experience overwhelmed by the sheer size of the undertaking. SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is an analysis of your project’s strengths. failings. chances and menaces. Making a SWOT analysis will give you a clear thought of what you have. what you need. what you can capitalise on and what you need to better. Individual BrainstormingIndividual brainstorming puts you in complete control of the originative procedure. and that means you are entirely responsible for any and all consequences. This makes single brainstorming a welcome challenge for some. and a beginning of concern for others. The Upside of Individual BrainstormingWhile single brainstorming may non let you take advantage of the accrued experience of other members of your squad. it will supply you with the freedom to show thoughts without fright of ridicule or rejection. An thought that you may hold been hesitating to convey up in a group brainstorming session may come to fruition during the single brainstorming procedure. and that individual thought may be the 1 that makes the procedure a success. In add-on to supplying you with added personal freedom. single brainstorming besides forces you to delve into the brainstorming procedure and give yourself over to it wholly. When an single insights with a group of people. he or she may be inclined to let others to take the procedure. When single brainstorming is being conducted. there is no 1 else to trust on. which motivates the brainstormer to bring forth thoughts and constructs on their ain. While there is much to be said for group brainstorming. single brainstorming is a procedure that shouldn’t be overlooked. There is much to be said for holding the freedom to pull off your originative procedure without the influence of sentiments. thoughts or self-importances of others. Group BrainstormingWhen it works. group brainstorming can be really effectual for conveying the full experience and creativeness of all members of the group to bear on an issue. When single group members get stuck with an thought. another member’s creativeness and experience can take the thought to the following phase. Group brainstorming can therefore develop thoughts in more deepness than single brainstorming. The Upside of Group BrainstormingAs a regulation. people by and large have originative boundaries that they stay within. Oftentimes. these boundaries are referred to as a â€Å"box† and when one begins to believe â€Å"outside of the box† the originative procedure can truly take off. Group brainstorming helps the members of the brainstorming squad believe outside of their boxes. opening originative doors for each member of the brainstorming squad. Another advantage of group brainstorming is that it helps everyone involved to experience that they’ve contributed to the terminal solution. and it reminds people that other people have originative thoughts to offer. Brainstorming in a group can be hazardous for persons. Valuable but unusual suggestions may look stupe at first sight. Because of this. you need to chair Sessionss tightly so that thoughts are non crushed. and so that the usual issues with group problem-solving don’t knee creativeness. Making a diver se brainstorming squad allows for multiple fonts of cognition and experience for the group brainstorming squad to pull from. Group brainstorming can besides move as a team-building exercising by doing certain all members of the squad show their sentiments and lend their thoughts. | | Approachs to Brainstorming * The Stepladder Technique- This improves the part of quieter members of the group. by presenting thoughts one individual at a clip. The Stepladder Technique is a simple tool that manages how members enter the decision-making group. It encourages all members to lend on an single degree before being influenced by anyone else. This consequences in a wider assortment of thoughts. it prevents people from â€Å"hiding† within the group. and it helps people avoid being â€Å"stepped on† or overpowered by stronger. louder group members. * Brainwriting – Brainwriting uses a written attack to brainstorming to bring forth and develop thoughts. This helps you get thoughts from all persons. and develop these thoughts in deepness. It is similar to brainstorming – they’re both methods for bring forthing thoughts and solutions for a job nevertheless it gives everyone equal chance to take part. and it enables all group members to believe without any ‘blocking. ’

Jeffersons and Hamiltons Differences Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Jeffersons and Hamiltons Differences - Article Example    Jefferson considered agriculture to be the foundation of the American economy, while Hamilton favored commerce and industry. Jefferson opposed Hamilton’s proposal to establish a national Bank of the United States, to provide government subsidies to manufacturers and to impose tariffs to provide temporary protection to new firms. Jefferson argued that the establishment of a central bank was not sanctioned by the constitution and opposed the promotion of industry over agriculture. Hamilton suggested that the Federal government take over the unpaid public debts of the states and pay off the national debt. (Tours). In the area of foreign policy, Jefferson feared undue English influence and believed that America was obliged to actively support the French Revolution. On the other hand, Hamilton tended towards England and warned against involvement in France. (Pearson). I think that both Jefferson and Hamilton held strong, valid positions. ... Interpretation of the constitution, the debate on the expansion of the federal government’s authority and the emergence of the two-party political system have their roots in this conflict. The Democratic-Republican Party and the Federalist Party are the precursors of the present political divisions. America could fuse the philosophies of Jefferson and Hamilton for the good of the fledgling nation. # 5: The Separation of Powers. Although the framers of the U.S. Constitution did not explicitly define the Separation of Powers, the concept is implicitly enshrined in the structure of government as laid down in Articles 1, 2 and 3. The functioning of the three branches of the federal government - the legislative, the executive and the judicial - are clearly demarcated and separated. Article 1 states that â€Å"All legislative powers...shall be vested in a Congress.† Article 2 vests â€Å"the executive power...in a President.† Article 3 places the â€Å"judicial power of the United States in one Supreme Court†. The Legislative is composed of the House and Senate. The Executive is composed of the President, Vice-President, and the Departments. The Judicial is composed of the  federal courts  and the Supreme Court. The framers of the Constitution believed the Separation of Powers to be essential â€Å"because a concentration of political power is inherently dangerous and will sooner or later lead to the abuse of power and to oppressive government† (McClelland, Part 1V B).  Ã‚  

Human Superiority Myth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Superiority Myth - Essay Example What is right for us can be wrong for them. Stephen Budiansky, the author of the book If Lions Could Talk considers animals as intelligent as we are, but explains that it is another kind of intelligence. To test animal intelligence for him is the same as to test a blind person giving him a written IQ test. Budiansky asserts that every animal has his own sort of intelligence. Monkeys performed far superior to rats in test based in visual discriminations, though rats are better in the same test based in smell discrimination. "The branching tree of evolution has not just one culmination, but millions of culminations -- represented in every living species on earth today," he writes. "Each is a brilliant success at what it does." And it is the nature of such "brilliance" that remains to ponder" (Gabriel, 2000). As for language, animals speak, but their way of communication differs from ours. Researcher have counted that our closest relatives, apes, with whom humans share an astonishing 98.4% DNA, use nearly 68 different sounds in their communication. "Orangutans may have the most impressive individual call of any ape, the long call. It begins with a low soft grumble, modulating in pitch like a string bass player using vibrato" ("The Animal Communication Project", n.d.). This one means that this territory has an owner and possibly calls females. Some orangutans accompany this call by crashing snags. In response this call triggers long calls from neighboring males. The pant-hoot - is one of the best-studied chimpanzee vocalizations. "It begins with breathy, low-pitched hoots that segue into a series of quicker, higher-pitched in-and-out pants, as if the chimp were trying to play harmonica without an instrument. Finally the pant-hoot builds to a loud... The researcher states that human superiority is reconsidered today. Its peak is the animal rights movement, which final aim is to equate humans and animals beyond the law. Peter Singer, author of Animal Liberation, argues that we need to extend rights to the great apes, in the first instance, followed by all other animal species. People have always considered the most distinctive feature between them and animals the sophisticated language. As Joel Wallman, author of Aping Language, explains, "...language, at least in the European intellectual tradition, is the quintessential human attribute, at once evidence and source of most that is transcendent in us, distinguishing ours from the merely mechanical nature of the beast". In the 18th century a French philosophy, Julien Offray de la Mettrie, wrote a book titled L’Homme Machine. He thought that all the creatures on the Earth are the mere machines and suggested that the reason animals â€Å"cannot speak is not because of any inf eriority in rationality to human beings but because of ‘some defect in the organs of speech.’ He believed a young ape could be taught the use of language†. The researcher then concluds that people have overestimated our superiority and this has led to the colossal losses in nature. We use animals in our needs: kill them for fun, abuse in experiments; take from them their living territory, treat cruelly. Nobody has given us such a right. And we must do our best to save and preserve what can be still saved and preserved and make animals our friends.

Chose Topic after reading Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chose Topic after reading Instruction - Essay Example They believed in predetermination; God already choosing people who would be saved. Winthrop hoped that the new society would serve as an example to other Christians to emulate. Winthrop’s gave a sermon in which he urged his group of Puritans to remain faithful to the Lord in order to enjoy worldwide praise and glory. This sermon was to help the Puritans uphold high moral standards that would inspire the rest of the world into adopting their pattern. In essence, what Winthrop was able to do was to set up a community that established foundations to the modern religious life of doing good for the Lord. Key to this foundation was their adoption of predetermination and their will to purify the church from corruption (PennState World Campus, 2015). From the demands of purity that were championed by the Winthrop led Puritans during the colonial era, another shift occurred during the revolution era. However, this new shift questioned the earlier foundation of predetermination that was fronted by the earlier Puritans. A key element of the new shift, which was known as The Second Great Awakening, was the belief that an individual could play a part in their salvation by believing in God and Jesus Christ. During the Second Awakening, spiritual techniques such as adult baptism, which are part of the modern religious beliefs, were fronted. Charles Finney was an outstanding proponent of the Second Great Awakening. He encouraged people to attend revival meeting and gave equal chance to both men and women to give accounts of their religious experience. It is evident that the Second Awakening is an origin of the modern religious life. People taking an active part in religious communities, praising, and praying to God in public, characteri zes modern religious life. Therefore, it is evident that the work performed by Finney and others with regard to the Second Awakening shaped religion during

Broadcast managament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Broadcast managament - Essay Example Broadcast managament It is rather obvious that advertising should be regarded as one of the significant elements of economy since it facilitates interaction between those who sell products and those who may be willing to buy. With the development of technology, the latter has been influencing the traditional ways of business more and more. This paper will prove that social media has had a tremendous impact on conventional advertising models. In order to do so, the analysis will explore some of the peculiarities of influence of social media onto the practice of advertising. The first point that will be discussed is focused on choosing the most comfortable time for viewing the proposed production. Secondly, it is the connection between contemporary advertising models and reality of social media, namely the significance of widely spread social network. Thirdly, it may be useful to see how Internet folklore is engaged in the advertising. Afterwards, the major sources and platform of advertising in social med ia will be reviews. In addition to that, the thesis of increased personalization will be analyzed. Finally, the interactive aspect of new kind of advertising will be discussed. It would not be a mistake to suggest that using social network often takes up a lot of time. This results in the fact that people tend to devote some time to it when they are not distracted or when they have the opportunity to be active in the virtual environment (Izso, 56).

Economics and Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economics and Financial Markets - Essay Example This is what will be dissertated in the following. There are in fact various different characteristics that are considered as being major in regards to oligopolistic markets, and each and every one of these characteristics is just as important as the next, however each also must be discussed in regards to its differences as well as similarities to the others; basically the main characteristics of oligopoly are: the market is for the most part dominated by only a few certain and particular companies which are all relatively large; the production of identical products which are similar; there are significant barriers to entry; the basic interdependence of production decisions within the market. In other words and to be more specific, an oligpolistic market basically exists when there is a small number of firms which dominate the supply to an entire market. The specific degree of market concentration is very high here, and "Firms within an oligopoly produce branded products (advertising and marketing is an important feature of competit ion within such markets) and there are also barriers to entry." (Tutor, 2007). Another severely major characteristic in regards to oligopolistic markets is the fact of how there is interdependence between firms; basically this means that each separate firm must take into account for themselves the facts and the likely reactions of the other firms, and this is especially true when they are making pricing and investment decisions. Although the olipolistic markets are considered as being incredibly beneficial and positive in many ways, there are also certain downfalls, such as the fact that there is uncertainly created in such markets as these, and so therefore economists seek to model this through the use of game theory. What are the Characteristic Forms of Competition in Oligopolistic Markets There are various different characteristic forms of competition in markets such as these, and the forms of competition are actually one of the most deciding factors in regards to the outcomes of such markets. Basically, imperfect competition is the most well known and popular type of competition in this regards, and there are many implications in regards to this form of competition, as the main significance of the four basic characteristics of this structure is that

Religon Buddhism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religon Buddhism - Term Paper Example The discourse would initially proffer a brief historical background of Buddhism, prior to determining its common practices and core beliefs. Likewise, the paper would present a personal experience visiting Buddhists’ place of worship and to relay the responses from a devotee’s point of view. History Diverse research literatures have expressed different views on the exact origin of Buddhism. There are studies tracing the roots of Buddhism from the Indus Valley civilization and the Aryans (A View on Buddhism, 2006, pars. 1 & 2). In a website About Buddhism (2007), its history indicates that â€Å"the founder of Buddhism in this world is Buddha Shakyamuni. He was born as a royal prince in 624 BC in a place called Lumbini, which was originally in northern India but is now part of Nepal† (About Buddhism, 2007, par. 1). Likewise, History World (n.d.) identified Nepal as Buddhism’s point of origin, with Siddhartha Gautama, a Nepal prince, â€Å"follows an asceti c life for six years before deciding that a middle path between mortification and indulgence of the body will provide the best hope of achieving enlightenment. He resolves to meditate, in moderate comfort, until he sees the light of truth. One evening he sits under a pipal tree at Buddh Gaya, a village in Bihar. By dawn he is literally buddha, an 'enlightened one'. Like any other religious leader he begins to gather disciples. He becomes known to his followers as the Buddha† (History World, n.d., 1). Common Practices Buddhism reveals three common trainings or practices consisting of sila (â€Å"virtue, good conduct, morality†); samadhi (â€Å"concentration, meditation, mental development†); and prajna (â€Å"discernment, insight, wisdom, enlightenment† (Robinson, 2009). As averred by Robinson (2009), the practice of sila was premised on the principles of equality and reciprocity. Devotees are taught to acknowledge equality in stature of all living things a nd to practice, what is commonly known as the Golden Rule. The underlying idea for this practice is self-preservation. No one wants harm to be inflicted upon oneself. If everyone adheres to this principle, ultimately, no harm befalls mankind – the good of all is preserved. By this, an individual treats everyone else with respect, grace and concern. This in turn, develops good relationship to others, consistent with their belief in karma. Core Beliefs The core beliefs of Buddhism centers on reincarnation, on diverse cycles of rebirth, karma, and on Nirvana, or the state of being free and liberated from suffering (Robinson, 2009). They also believe in Four Noble Truths, the Five Precepts, and the Eightfold Path, among others. These beliefs focus on respect for all living things, ending suffering through the eightfold path, and following commandments which are almost synonymous with the Catholic’s Ten Commandments, specifically highlighting avoiding killing, stealing, tel ling lies, misusing sex and consuming liquor or drugs, among others. Worship Visit There is a Buddhist temple in Knost Drive, Mims, Florida known as the White Sands Buddhist Center. It rests on a 16-acre peaceful and beautiful land very near the Atlantic Ocean. There is complete serenity, simplicity and cleanliness in the worship place – a conducive environment for meditation and reflection, of seeking inner peace and enlightenment. The monastery’s ceremonial hall serves as a worship place for devotees. The statue of Buddha is strategically located

Wars of German Unification Essay Example for Free

Wars of German Unification Essay On January 18, 1871, Otto Von Bismarck was able to create the German Empire by unifying a number of independent states under one nation. This was also known as the unification of Germany. However, it order to build the German nation, three wars had been fought; the Prusso-Danish War in 1864, the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and Franco-Prussian War from 1870 up to 1871. Although these wars were declared by the opponents of Germany, Germans believed that need a united and strong nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Prusso-Danish War also known as the Second Schleswig War took place in 1864 in which Denmark fought against the Prussia and Austria. The war was fought in order to take control of the duchies by the time the Danish king died without a heir that is accepted by the confederation of Germany. It was because of the existence of conflicting political system within the state as well as ethnic controversy in Schleswig that brought this war. The second war that was fought by Germany is the Austro-Prussian War or the Seven Weeks War that was fought in 1866. The war was between the Austrian empire and Prussia together with Italy. German states were also part of the war taking different sides. Northern German states were unified as a result of the war. Bismarck was encouraged to go to war because of the advantages being enjoyed by the Prussian army over the Austrian empire and by that time, the Prussian army was developing, giving it the advantage in the war for it can provide the army with things that it needs to win. The Prussian king also decided to go on war although he was reluctant; it was William 1st who made the war possible. The third war of German unification was the Franco-Prussian War or the Franco-German War that took place on July 1870 up to May 1871 between Prussia and France and also signalled the rise of imperialism and of German military power. It can be said that it was Bismarck who is the reason for the declaration of the Franco-German War. It was â€Å"Ems dispatch†, the communication between Bismarck and King William, published by Bismarck that inflamed the French feeling and later declaring the war. The war was intended by Bismarck to unify the states of Southern Germany. These three wars had been fought in order to unify Germany and gave birth to the German Empire. Reference KMLA. (13, January 2008). Bismarck’s unification of Germany. Retrieved January 27, 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/germany/bismarck.html.

Phase Interpolator Pll In Simulink Computer Science Essay

Phase Interpolator Pll In Simulink Computer Science Essay Phase Locked Loops (PLLs) is a negative feedback system that matches the output frequency to the input frequency. Many applications utilize PLLs such as: frequency synthesizers, skew cancellation, reference clean-up, and clock-data recovery [1]. For frequency synthesizers, the goal is to generate a clock at a higher speed to that of a slower reference clock. For example, generating a 1 GHz signal from a 100 MHz reference signal. This is a common goal for many optical applications. For example, current work performed by AOSense, a leading research and development company in atomic-level sensing requires clock frequencies well into the hundreds of megahertz and even into the gigahertz range. For this reasons, PLLs, such as the HMC698LP5 from Hittite Microwave are commonly used in their designs. standard pll design A basic PLL consist of four main building blocks; Phase Frequency Detector (PFD), Charge Pump (CP), Low Pass Filter (LPF), and Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). Figure 1 is a block diagram of a basic PLL. http://madfeekree.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/basic-pll-block1.png?w=614 Figure 1. Basic PLL Block Diagram [2] The PFD detects any differences in phase and frequency of the reference and feedback signals and generates an appropriate Up or Down signal. These signals are then passed to the CP, in which, the CP sources current into the loop filter (Up signals) or sinks current from the loop filter (Down signals). The LPF converts the signal into an analog voltage for the VCO, in which the VCO outputs a clock at either a higher faster or slower frequency based on the UP DOWN signals generated by the PD. This process is repeated until the output frequency of the VCO properly matches that of the reference frequency. These blocks were constructed and simulated in MATLAB R2112a Simulink. A. Phase Frequency Detector As previously stated, PFD are devices that measures the difference between the reference and feedback clocks. There are two commonly used phase detectors: linear and binary. A linear phase detectors output is a pulse signal with a varying width. When the feedback signal is severely out of phase with the reference signal, the pulse width is larger compared to when the two signals are close to being similar. In contrast, a binary (bang-bang) phase detectors output is a fixed pulse width. This binary output signifies if the feedback signal arrived early or late compared to the reference signal. In this design, a modified version of a linear phase frequency detector was implemented in Simulink, as depicted in figure 2. This PFD generates a logic high for the UP signal when the feedback signals rising edge arrives ahead of the reference signals rising edge for the length of the difference. Similarly, when the feedback singals rising edge arrives after the reference signals rising edge, a logic high is given for the DOWN signal for the duration of the difference. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 2 PFD.png Figure 2. Phase Frequency Detector Model Applying a test signal to both the reference and variable (feedback) inputs and adjusting the feedback signal with some delay, demonstrates the proper functionality of the PFD. This is illustrated in figure 3. The plot is as given from the top down: UP, DOWN, Reference, and Variable CLK. The UP and DOWN signals are then fed to the charge pump, which directs the loop filter to increase or decrease in voltage, signifying an increase or decrease of the VCO output signal. But first, a discussion on the charge pump and its modelling is in order. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 3 PFD Test.pngFigure 3. PFD Test Results B. Charge Pump The charge pump block in figure 1 is designed to convert the UP and DOWN signals into current for the loop filter. When the UP signal is logic high, the charge pump will source current to the loop filter and when the DOWN signal is logic high, the charge pump will since current from the loop filter. A circuit representation of a charge pump is given in figure 4 below. From this representation, several key design challenges are noticed. Such as proper current matching from both I1 and I2, parasitic capacitance from the two current sources, and leakage current into and out of the loop filter. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 4 CP.png Figure 4. Charge Pump Circuit A Simulink model of a charge pump is given in figure 5. Notice how the DOWN signal is subtracted from the UP signal and then fed into a gain of 0.001. This gain value represents the current of the two current sources. The delay representsrepresents the current of the two current sources. The delay represents the capacitor, Cp, in figure 4. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 5 CP Block.png Figure 5. Charge Pump Model Simulating the charge pump model should show a slowly increasing value as long as the UP signal is high more often than the DOWN signal. Figure 6 below shows such a scenario as the CP_Out signal slowly ramps up. This signifies that the VCO will speed up to force the reference signal to catch up to the data signal. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 6 CP Test.png Figure 6. CP Test Results C. Loop Filter A loop filter is an entirely passive component device and consist of two capacitors and a resistors as illustrated in figure 7. The loop filter has two branches, the integral path and the proportional path. The integral path is the C2 branch, while the proportional path is the C1 and R branch. As the name implies, the loop filter filters high frequency noise spurs caused by sampling, but this also adds a pole at 1/RC2 [1]. A resistor in the loop filter provides an isolation phase correction from frequency correction. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 7 Loop Filter Circuit.png Figure 7. Loop Filter Circuit A simulink model of a loop filter is given in figure 8 below. The input to the loop filter is connected to the output of the charge pump. The purpose of the loop filter is to take a current and convert it into a voltage, called the control voltage of the VCO. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 8 Loop Filter Block.png Figure 8. Loop Filter Model Simulating the loop filter in Simulink gave the plot in figure 9. Re-examining this figure, there may be a an error in the loop filters output as its a sawtooth waveform. This will be compared to the VCO output plot for proper functionality in the next section. Figure 9. Loop Filter Test Results D. VCO The final block in figure 1 is the VCO block. Theres a slight modification to the VCO block compared to that in figure 1 due to the future use of phase interpolation. Due to this, a phase generator block was required. This phase generator block is given in figure 10. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 10 Phase Generator Block.png Figure 10. Phase Generator Model The purpose of the phase generator block is to allow various phases for the phase interpolation PLL in the forthcoming section. For this, the signal is limited to 360 degrees and various phases are generated as illustrated in figure 11. This is the final design of the VCO. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 11 VCO Block.png Figure 11. VCO Model A common VCO has a single output, known here as CLK_0. However, due to the use of phase interpolation in the second half of this PLL design, 3 other phases were generated. Each phase separated by 90 degrees. The feedback to the PDF is derived from CLK_0 signal that is passed through a relay that generates a clock signal from a sinusoidal signal. The final PLL design for the first potion is given in figure 12. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 12 PLL Block.png Figure 12. PLL Design Phase 1 Testing of the pll Testing of the PLL consisted of a pulse generator at the reference clock input. This signal was set to 50 Hz is mentioned in [3]. Figure 13 is a plot of the VCO output (CLK_0). The plot shows that in the beginning, the VCO is attempting to lock and after about 30 seconds, the system locks onto the frequency. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 13- PLL Test Results.png Figure 13. PLL Phase 1 Test Results phase interpolator design A. Theory Behind Phase Interpolators Phase Interpolators (PI) is a modified version of a PLL. PIs function by taking a weighted values and multiplying and adding them to two signals shifted in phase at the same frequency. These weighted values are call alpha and beta. Beta equals 1 minus alpha as given in equation (1) (1) Where, B. Binary Phase Detector The phase detector used in the PI loop has been modified to act as a bang-bang phase detector instead of a linear phase detector. A modified version of the bang-bang phase detector [4] was used. This modified bang-bang phase detector is given in figure 13i. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 13i- BBPD Block.png Figure 13i. Modified Bang-Bang Phase Detector A bang-bang phase detector is different from a linear phase detector since the output signals are fixed pulses and they signify if the feedback clocks rising edge is early or late. Those early and late signals are then fed into a charge pump, which tells the VCO (by means of a loop filter) to go faster or to slow down. Simulating this modified version of a phase detector was performed in Simulink. The feedback (reference) signal was delayed compared to the DATA clock. This implies that the phase detector outputs a logic high for the LATE signal, in which it does. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 13ii- BBPD Test.png Figure 13ii. Bang-Bang Phase Detector Test Results D. Quadrature Clocks Quadrature Clocks are clocks that are separated by 90 degrees. The model to accomplish this was given in figure 11 of the VCO. Testing this with a simple pulse generator input signal provided the plots in figure 14. These plots show four signals that are 90 degrees out of phase with one another. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 14- Quad Phases.png Figure 14. Quadrate Phases Reading from the top of figure 14 to the bottom, the phases are as follows: 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees. E. Counter To ensure the entire 360 degrees of phases are covered, as given in the VCO, a counter was implemented. For this simulation, an 8-bit counter was used. This implies that for 360 degrees and an 8-bit counter, each degree represents 1.41 degrees of resolution. The importance of this is related to the unit circle. For a count from 0-255, each 64 counts represents a phase shift of 90 degrees. A simple counter was constructed in Simulink using a just three blocks as shown in figure 15. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 15- Counter.png Figure 15. Counter Model F. Alpha, Beta, and MUX Values To determine the alpha, beta, and the MUX values, a model was created in Simulink. From section C, an 8-bit counter was created. Of these 8-bits, bits 0-5 represent the alpha bits and bits 6-7 represent the MUX bits. These bits were extracted and then the alpha and the beta values were obtained as mentioned in section A and equation (1). A Simulink model is given in figure 16. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 16- Alpha Beta Mux.png Figure 16. Alpha, Beta, and MUX Extractor Testing the model in figure 16 revealed an interesting note. This model was taken directly from [3] and when a simple test of this block was performed, the MUX bits appeared to be out of the ordinary. It was expected that the MUX values would range from 0-4 as two bits were extracted, giving a four step ramp. However, the four step ramp ranged from 0-192. This is shown in figure 17. The next section discusses the MUX switching and this is why the issue was noticed. Because of this, this discussion will take place in the next section. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 17- Alpha Beta Mux Test.png Figure 17. Alpha, Beta, and MUX Test Results G. MUX Model Since a PI requires the use of two different phases simultaneously, a MUX is required to give the proper signals. In Simulink, a MUX was generated using multiport switch components. The model is given in figure 18 below. As there are four inputs, the select line is required to be a value of 1, 2, 3, or 4 in order to properly select the desired line. The select line is driven by the 2-bit MUX value that was obtained in the previous section, F. This implies that the MUX values should be a 1, 2, 3, or 4 value and not the values that are shown in figure 17. The four steps are correct, but further work is need to properly generate the appropriate select lines. Due to the MUX select lines not functioning properly, the final PI PLL design was unable to be properly tested. A solution to this problem is to write a piece of code that reads the MUX line and then determines the proper, 1, 2, 3, or 4 value. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 18- MUX Model.png Figure 18. MUX Model H. Finall PLL Block and Testing The final design of the complete PLL with the phase interpolator PLL is given in figure 19. As stated in MUX Model section, the MUX line had a critical error that prevented the PLL from being properly simulated. This error was due to the MUX select lines not being of the proper value. If given more time, code would be implemented to resolve this problem or the use of Simulink blocks to generate the proper values for the select lines. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 19- Final PLL Block.png Figure 19. Final PLL Design with PI For simplicity do to time constraints, a simple test was performed on the final design. Since the MUX select lines are not function properly, a constant value was fed into the select lines to manually pick the phases. When the select line was set to 1 for both, the graph in figure 20 was generated. M:SJSUEE 227ProjectReport PicturesFigure 20- Final PLL Test MUX 11.png Figure 20 PI Output/Feedback Pre Relay Figure 20 shows that the PLL is working to a degree. Unfortunately, it fails to be properly tested. Conclusion PLLs are commonly used devices in a wide range of applications. In this design, a phase interpolator version of a PLL was examined. Although the complete model was successfully constructed in Simulink, the final design was unable to be properly tested. This was due to the malfunction of the MUX select lines that prohibited the simulation to run. A quick work around was implemented, which meant the manual adjustment of the MUX select lines.

Essay --

As part of marketing in business, strategy is a leading light because it is a plan of action designed and followed by businesses to become successful. Three companies in the same industry can offer similar products in a completely different ways. Branding is everything and understanding what customers want determines a company’s brand position. Airline companies are great examples of numerous companies offering the same product. Major differences in brand and quality management come when comparing three airline companies that offer the same product such as Spirit Airlines, Jet Blue and American Airlines. Although their product is the same, the processes to marketing their product are completely different. Spirit Airlines is an American ultra low-cost carrier headquartered in Miramar, Florida. Spirit has scheduled flights with 52 destinations across the U.S. as well as the Caribbean, Mexico, and Latin America. The company first started off as a Clipper Trucking Company in 1964 but the airline service was founded in 1980, as Charter One, a Detroit-based charter tour operator providing travel packages to entertainment destinations such as Atlantic City, Las Vegas, and the Bahamas. On May 29, 1992, Charter One bought jet equipment, changed its name to Spirit Airlines, and started services from Detroit to Atlantic City. During the next five years, Spirit expanded rapidly, increasing service from Detroit and adding service in new markets such as Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, Los Angeles, and New York. In 2001, Spirit began services to San Juan, Puerto Rico, and performed a fully unified Spanish-speaking customer service plan including a website and dedicated reservation line. Spirit allows you to bring one carry-on bag and payme... ...assengers receive alcoholic beverages for free. Non-alcoholic beverages are free for all classes. Alcoholic drinks are available for purchase on all home flights in Coach. Beer and wine are now free on long haul international flights to Europe and Asia and certain flights to South America. Its goal is to provide safe, dependable and friendly air transportation along with related services, making a great effort to transform any experience into a positive one. All of the services that this company has and the image that they are trying to keep in everyday activities make each day a little challenging for its employees. American Airlines’ employees will be able to travel for free in coach class on any flight in the worldwide network, the airline told them. The new program also will give the employees’ registered family members and parents unlimited travel privileges.

Abortion - More Questions than Answers :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Abortion - More Questions than Answers      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is abortion?   Is it the killing of a defense less child or is it the freedom of a woman.   In the case of the latter, it is easy to see how abortion can be very beneficial for the mother.   Perhaps she is a teenager who is too young and too scared for such an awesome responsi bility or perhaps she simply does not have the resources for or want another child.   The situation becomes more complicated when the father of the fetus wants the baby.   Does the father, whose very DNA was transferred to the fetus, have any right to determine whether the mother receives an abortion or is the decision totally that of the mother, who must endure the nine month pregnancy and the birthing process as well as any lingering physical or psychological effects.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even if abortion is considered the killing of a defenseless child, serious and difficult questions cannot be avoided.   Certainly, it is illegal and immoral to kill a week old baby; but can the same be said of the termina tion of a week old fetus?   When does a fetus become a life entitled to the same protection as a newborn baby or when is it too late to end a pregnancy?   Some would say at any point before birth; however, a fetus can be viable and live outside its mother's womb quite some time before its natural birth otherwise would occur.   Is that the point at which abortion is inappropriate and, thus, illegal as well as immoral?   While there are those who would answer in the affirmative, many would argue that a life entitled to protection began at the time of concep tion, the entry of a sperm cell into the egg.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any event, abortion must be viewed as an issue with many angles.   If a person is pro-life, is he or she opposed to abortion altogether, is there a

Total Quality Management - TQM Essay -- SixSigma Essays

I. INTRODUCTION Before you can begin to understand what total quality management is, you must know what quality is. Quality is the ability to satisfy, or even exceed, the needs and expectations of the customers. Total Quality Management is a management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction. The participation of all members of an organization in improving processes, products, services, and the culture they work in is the basis of TQM. Total Quality Management, often called TQM, is a mind set. It is also a set of well-proven processes for achieving the mind set. The mind set is that everyone in your organization understands what their customers' expectations are and they meet those expectations every time. TQM, which has been available for many years, was originally developed in the United States and the Japanese were the first to visualize its benefits and apply it successfully. This paper will discuss the history of Total Quality Management and also its creator Dr. Wi lliam Edwards Deming. Also included is Dr. Deming's 14 Points of Management, which apply anywhere from small organizations to large organizations including everything from the service industries to the manufacturing industries and everything in between. They apply to a division within a company. The final topic discussed will be how TQM is implemented in the organizations. II. HISTORY Total Quality Management (TQM) is a participative management style that stresses total staff commitment to "customer" satisfaction. TQM is the part of management organized for the use of creating and implementing a continuous improvement process that constantly improves on the organization's effectiveness and also their efficiency. The main responsibility lies on not the workers or employees of a corporation, but rather the management. There are many very effective ways that corporations have implemented these strategies of TQM, but most commonly, it is acquired through data collection, flow charts, and diagrams. The development of Total Quality Management is attributed to Frederick W. Taylor, an engineer and the first management consultant. Statisticians, such as Walter A. Shewhart, Joseph M. Juran, Philip B. Cosby and most importantly Dr. W. Edwards Deming (1900-1993), were responsible for initiating the Total Quality Management process and share a common role ... ...for success. There are three basis implementations of TQM including concept of management, system of management (in which the Q-S.T.E.P. process is used), and traditional management. A company can decide on their implementation plan based on their personal needs. Dr. William Edwards Deming's philosophy of total quality management has proved effective in many organizations, and if companies are willing to embrace all of its ideas and concepts, it can be successful for them. REFERENCES Aguayo, R. (2010). Dr. Deming The American Who Taught the Japanese About Quality. New York: Carol Publishing Group. Gabor, A. (2009). The Man Who Discovered QUALITY. New York: Times Books, a division of Random House Inc. Green, L. TQM FAQ's. [Online]. Retrieved October 11, 2013 from: http://www.skyenet.net/~leg/tqmodel/tqmfaq.htm. Green, L. TQM Total Quality Management Diagnostics. [Online]. Retrieved October 16, 2013 from: http://www.skyenet.net/~leg/tqm.htm. Hellriegel, D., Jackson, S., Slocum, J. (2009). Management 10th Edition Ohio: South-Western College Publishing. Author Unknown. [Online]. Retrieved October 8, 2013 from: http://www.eskimo.com/~mighetto/1stqm.htm.

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Fifteen

As she headed for the door of her dorm room, Elena rummaged through her bag, checking off a mental list: wallet, keys, phone, lip gloss, eyeliner, hairbrush, student ID. As she swung the door open, something fluttered to the ground. A perfect white daisy had fal en to the floor. Elena reached down and picked it up. Turning it in her hand, she felt a sudden sharp ache in her chest. God, I miss Stefan. She had no doubt the daisy was from him. It was just like him to let her know he was thinking of her while stil respecting her space. The ache in her chest was slowly replaced with a sweet glowing feeling. It seemed so sil y and artificial to avoid talking to Stefan. She loved him. And, beyond that, he was one of her best friends. Elena pul ed out her phone to cal him. And then she stopped. Taking a deep breath, she put the phone back into her bag. If she talked to Stefan, she would want to see him. If she saw him, she would want to touch him. If she touched him, it would al be over. She would find herself fal ing into him, entangled in love. And then she would look up and see Damon's dark unfathomable eyes watching them and feel that pul toward him. And then the brothers would look at each other, and love and pain and fury would pass over their faces, and everything would start up again. It had felt good to walk away from them for a while, even though it was heartbreaking and awful and terribly lonely, too. But, since then, Elena had felt a calm settle over her. She wasn't happy, exactly – it was like she was covered with bruises, and if she wasn't careful, pain would flood over her as she remembered what she had done. But she also felt as if she had been holding her breath for weeks and now was able to exhale. She knew that Stefan would be waiting for her when she was ready to face him again. Wasn't that what the daisy meant? She tucked the flower inside her bag and set off down the hal , her heels clicking firmly. Elena was going to go out with her friends, she was going to have fun, and she wasn't going to think about Stefan, or Damon. Or even the disappearances, or Christopher's death. Elena sighed under the weight of it al . For days, they had been mourning, and now Elena and her friends needed to embrace life again. They deserved an evening of freedom. They needed to remember what they were fighting for. â€Å"There she is,† Elena heard Bonnie say as she entered the crowded bar. â€Å"Elena! Over here!† Bonnie, Meredith, and a girl Elena didn't know were sitting at a smal table near the dance floor. They had invited Matt to come out with them, but he'd said he had to study, his face politely closed off, and they knew he wasn't ready yet and that he needed some time alone. Meredith, graceful and relaxed, gave Elena a cool smile in greeting and introduced her friend Samantha. Samantha was lean, bright eyed, and alert. She seemed like she had energy to spare, shifting from side to side, chatting without stopping. Bonnie, too, was clearly on tonight and started talking as soon as Elena reached the table. Bonnie was brave, Elena thought. Christopher's death had shocked her, and she was as worried about Matt as any of them, but she would stick out her chin and smile and gossip and go on with life just as hard as she could, because they had decided that was what tonight would be about. â€Å"I got you a Coke,† Bonnie said. â€Å"They carded me, so I couldn't get anything else. Guess what?† She paused dramatical y. â€Å"I cal ed Zander, and he said he'd definitely try to make it here tonight. I can't wait for you guys to meet him!† Bonnie was practical y bouncing out of her seat with excitement, red curls flipping everywhere. â€Å"Who's Zander?† asked Samantha innocently. Meredith gave Elena a sly glance. â€Å"You know, I'm not sure,† she said with mock confusion. â€Å"Bonnie, tel us about him.† â€Å"Yes,† Elena added, smirking. â€Å"I don't think you've mentioned him at al , have you?† â€Å"Shut up, you guys,† Bonnie said amiably, and, leaning over the table to Samantha, started to extol al of Zander's virtues to her fresh audience. Elena let her mind wander. She'd heard it al , night after night in their dorm lately: Zander's eyes, Zander's smile, Zander's bashful charm, Zander's very hot bod (Bonnie's words). How Zander and Bonnie studied together in a tucked-away corner of the library and Zander brought Bonnie secret snacks even though it was totally against the library rules. The way they talked on the phone every night, the long velvety pauses when it seemed like Zander was on the verge of whispering something intimate, something no one but Bonnie could know, but then instead he would make a joke that made Bonnie laugh like crazy. There was something so sweet about Bonnie with a crush. Elena real y hoped this guy was worthy of her. â€Å"He hasn't kissed me yet,† Bonnie added, eyes wide. â€Å"Soon, though. I hope.† â€Å"The very first kiss,† Samantha said, and wiggled her eyebrows. â€Å"Maybe tonight?† Bonnie just giggled in response. That ache was back in Elena's chest, and she pressed her hand against her sternum. During her first kiss with Stefan, the world had fal en away and there had been just the two of them, lips and souls touching. Everything had seemed so clear then. She took a deep breath and wil ed away tears. She wasn't going to remember anything tonight; she was just going to have a good time with her friends. Having Samantha there, Elena soon realized, was going to be a huge help with that. If it had been just Elena, Meredith, and Bonnie, they would have ended up discussing Christopher's murder and the disappearances on campus, combing obsessively over the very few things they knew and theorizing about everything they didn't. But with Samantha there, they had to keep the conversation light. Somehow Bonnie got off the topic of wonderful Zander and on to palm reading. â€Å"Look,† she said to Samantha. â€Å"See the line that crosses down your palm, across the other three lines? That's a fate line, not everybody has that.† â€Å"What does it mean?† Samantha said, gazing at her own palm with great interest. â€Å"Well,† Bonnie said, her brow furrowing, â€Å"it changes direction a lot – see here? and here? – which means that your destiny is going to change because of outside forces influencing you.† â€Å"Hmm,† Samantha said. â€Å"How about love? Wil I meet somebody amazing tonight?† â€Å"No,† Bonnie said slowly, and her voice changed, taking on a flat, almost metal ic, tone. Elena glanced up quickly to see that Bonnie's pupils were dilated, her eyes looking away from Samantha's palm into the distance. â€Å"Not tonight. But there's someone waiting for you who wil change everything. You'l meet him soon.† â€Å"Bonnie,† Meredith said sharply. â€Å"Are you okay?† Bonnie blinked, and her eyes snapped back into focus. â€Å"Of course,† she said, sounding confused. â€Å"What do you mean?† Elena and Meredith exchanged a glance – had Bonnie slipped into a vision? Before they could question her, a whole group of guys was suddenly at their table, laughing, shouting, swearing. Elena frowned up at them. â€Å"Hey, gorgeous,† one said, staring down at Elena. â€Å"Wanna dance?† Elena started to shake her head, but another of the guys dropped into the seat next to Bonnie and threw his arm around her. â€Å"Hey,† he said. â€Å"Did you miss me?† â€Å"Zander!† Bonnie exclaimed, her cheeks pink with delight. So this was Zander, Elena thought, and watched him covertly as his three friends settled at the table, too, introducing themselves cheerful y, seeming to make the maximum amount of noise dragging chairs over and jockeying to sit next to the girls. Zander was cute, sure, she had to admit that. Pale blond hair and a gorgeous smile. She didn't real y like the way he was pul ing Bonnie close, turning her head toward him, his hands running restlessly over her shoulders even as he talked over her head to his friends. It seemed real y possessive for a guy who hadn't even kissed her yet. Elena looked over at Meredith to see if she was thinking the same thing. Meredith was listening, with an amused smile, to the guy next to her – Marcus, she thought his name was – Zander's friend with the shaggy brown hair, explaining his weight-lifting routine. â€Å"Shots,† another friend of Zander's said succinctly, joining them with a tray ful of shot glasses. â€Å"Let's play quarters.† Bonnie giggled. â€Å"They're not al owed to serve us here. We're underage.† The guy grinned. â€Å"S'alright. I paid for them, not you.† â€Å"Wanna dance?† Spencer, the one who had asked Elena a minute before, said again, asking Samantha this time. â€Å"Sure!† she said, and jumped to her feet. The two were quickly lost in the crowd on the dance floor. â€Å"God, I was so drunk last night,† the guy next to Elena, Jared, said, tipping his chair back on two legs and regarding her cheerful y. His friend on his other side gazed at him for a minute, then poured a shot into his lap. â€Å"Hey!† In a moment, they were on their feet and shoving each other, the guy who had poured the drink laughing, Jared red-faced and angry. â€Å"Knock it off, you guys,† Zander said. â€Å"I don't want to get kicked out of here, too.† Too? Elena raised her eyebrows. This guy and his friends were definitely too wild for innocent little Bonnie. Elena looked at Meredith again for confirmation, but she was stil lost in jock world, now giving her opinion on the best weight training for martial arts. Bonnie squealed with laughter and bounced a quarter directly into one of the shot glasses. Al the guys cheered. â€Å"Now what?† she said breathlessly, her eyes bright. â€Å"Now you choose someone to drink it,† the guy who had brought the drinks said. â€Å"Zander, of course,† Bonnie said, and Zander gave her a long, slow smile that even Elena had to admit was devastating and drank, then winked at her as she laughed again. Bonnie looked †¦ real y happy. Elena couldn't remember the last time she had seen her laughing like this. It must have been at least a year ago, before things had gone crazy in Fel ‘s Church. Elena sighed and looked around the table. These guys were rowdy – tussling and shoving at one another – but they were friendly enough. And this was the kind of thing people did at col ege, wasn't it? If it made Bonnie happy, Elena ought to at least try to get along with them. Samantha and Spencer came back to the table, both laughing, and Samantha col apsed in her seat. â€Å"No more,† she said, raising her hands to fend him off. â€Å"I need a water break. You're a madman, you know that?† â€Å"Wil you come dance with me, then?† Spencer said pleadingly to Elena, widening big brown puppy-dog eyes at her. â€Å"He'l try to pick you up,† Samantha warned. â€Å"And dip you. And spin you around. But don't worry, I'l be back out on that floor in no time.† â€Å"Pretty please?† Spencer said, making an even more pathetic face. Bonnie laughed triumphantly as she bounced another quarter into the glass. Dancing with a group of friends isn't betraying anyone, Elena thought. Besides, she was single now. Sort of, anyway. She should try to enjoy col ege, to embrace life. Wasn't that the whole point of tonight? She shrugged. â€Å"Sure, why not?†

Vying for Patients, Hospitals Think Location, Location.

INTRODUCTION. Hospitals are health care institutions that are normally located in areas that are densely populated. There are over 17,000 hospitals in the whole world. In accord with the original meaning of the word, hospitals were originally â€Å"places of hospitality†, and this meaning is still preserved in the names of some institutions such as the Royal Hospital Chelsea, established in 1681 as a retirement and nursing home for veteran soldiers. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hospital#General) In general, hospitals are normally located in areas where they are other major hospitals as a way to acquire materials at low transportation costs. Unlike other businesses like franchises like McDonalds that would prefer to be in an area where there are no other fast food outlets, hospitals enjoy the benefits of being near other hospitals not only in terms of supply of raw materials but also to acquire bigger market shares. Most hospitals are specialized to include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric problems, certain disease categories such as cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic problems, and so forth. A hospital may be a single building or a number of buildings on a campus. Many hospitals with pre-twentieth-century origins began as one building and evolved into campuses. Some hospitals are affiliated with universities for medical research and the training of medical personnel such as physicians and nurses, often called teaching hospitals. Worldwide, most hospitals are run on a nonprofit basis by governments or charities. Within the United States, most hospitals are nonprofit. (http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Hospital#General)? 1. How can sales market share and profit be optimized for entire set of locations? A sale is the act of selling a product or service in return for money or other compensation. Market share is the percentage of a market (defined in terms of either units or revenue) accounted for by a specific entity. Optimized is to make the best or most effective use of (a situation, opportunity, or resource). Sales market share can be optimized through both internal and exter nal adaptations which would include; I. Benefits of the location of competitor’s proximity. Hospitals unlike other franchise companies enjoy many advantages of competitors being located near each other like; a. Reduced transport cost by suppliers. Medical supplies companies are normally located near hospitals and the proximity between hospital and supply reduces transport costs which in turn reduces the over roll costs. This advantage can help the hospital optimize sales through reduced prices for medical care and also maximize profits through reduced costs. b. Specialization. Hospitals normally specialize for example trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric problems (see psychiatric hospital), certain disease categories such as cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic problems, and so forth. In cases where a patient needs to be transferred from on medical facility to another unlike other franchise companies can share patients and proximity between hospitals helps with that especially in emergency cases. This helps in sales market share and optimization of profits. c. Facilities. Proximity of hospitals helps hospitals share facilities like operating theaters, x-rays which in turn helps in minimizing of costs. This is unlike any other business and this benefits the patient in terms of reduced prices for treatment and reduced costs for the hospital that the helps them increase sales and optimize profits. II. Internal adaptations and their benefits would include upgrading facilities like; a. Improvement of the quality of services by hiring of the best doctors and equipment can help in the optimization of market share, sales and profits due to the loyal customers that keep coming back for more services. . Accessibility. Easy access of the hospital in terms of near main transportation routes and stations improves on sales and profit optimization because patients are able to be delivered to the hospital easily especially in times of an emergency. c. Customer friendly. The friendliness of the doctors, nurses and staff to patients not only helps in the sales market s hare and profit optimization but research shows that friendly doctors and nurses helps in the faster recovery of patients. d. Advertising. Research shows that the more advertising is done for a service or product provider the more increase in sales there is. This in turn leads to the increase in the market share and optimization of profits. e. Avalabitility of parking is one of the most important facts for any company especially hospitals because when there is an emergency ambulance cannot be bothered on finding parking and need places with enough parking space. f. Building and leasing costs. This is an important factor for most companies to minimize overall cost to offer lower prices to customers and also optimize profits but for hospitals this is of little relevance because good qualities building in good locations don’t come cheap. g. Upgrading facilities in hospitals can include acquiring of newer equipment like imaging equipment, physical therapy equipment, and so on. Now updated medical equipment is most important in the health care business because as patient needs keep changing so does the equipment. Unlike other businesses like food businesses, the health care business is one of those businesses that require constant upgrading especially when it comes to the equipment. h. Expanding some sites of hospitals requires expanding the services to provide more health care services like dental care, Optic care, and physiotherapy and so on. This will help in the handling of a wider range of patients with different health care needs which will help in the acquiring of a larger market share and optimize profits. 2. What potential sales do you believe can be realized from each solution suggested? a. Emergency patients are some of the potential sales that could be realized from both enough parking space and accessibility proved by good location near major transport stations and major roads. b. Loyal customers and patients can be realized from friendly doctors and nurses and also high quality services provided by the staff. . Advertising can help in the making of potential clients who in case of hospitals are virtually human being aware of the services the hospital provides for example; American Hospital in Dubai that advertises in Dubai international airport making all the passengers who go through Dubai airport know about their services. 3. Where, in each case, should outlets be located to optimize market share, sales and profits without negatively impacting on other outlets? a. In some cases hospitals lose market share when there are too many hysicians, medical suppliers and other healthcare providers within the community, and for that reason one may even pay top dollar for a less competitive environment especially in a community with no duplicative services. This can help in the easy domination of the market share especially if it’s the only hospital providing those services which will in turn optimize profits. In some other cases locating near other hospitals as discussed earlier helps in the reduction of transport cost. So with this factor one must weigh the benefits of locating away from other hospitals versus locating near other hospitals. b. The physical facility in terms of building is an important aspect in consideration of the location of a hospital. Depending on the kind of services the hospital wants to provide the building facilities must be conducive enough to accommodate the equipment to be used in the providing of those services. This will greatly impact the quality of services provided by the hospital that will help in the acquiring of larger market share and optimize profits. . The geography and demographic of the hospital’s location may plays an important role in market share and profit optimization. The hospital industry is highly regulated and as such is vulnerable to government reimbursement. For this reason, a highly profit hospital will likely have a growing pool of commercially insured patients. So a hospital may rather locate itself in neighborhoods’ of high incom e earners because they are the ones who are likely to have both the money and the insurance to pay the medical bills. This will greatly help in profit optimization because this will mean less patients receiving services on credit but rather more patients paying cash at hand. d. Traffic volumes are also an important factor in locating of hospitals. The less traffic an area has is an added advantage in the location of a hospital because of the need for emergency clients to be able to reach the hospital for a required service in the least time possible. This will help in the securing of the market share that has emergencies hence optimizing profits. e. Customer access in terms of a hospital being located near bus stations and main transport routes is another important factor because it helps customers to reach the hospital for the services it has to offer easily. This will help the securing of a larger market share hence optimizing profits. f. Big enough parking is also an important factor in locating of hospitals because in cases of emergencies ambulances need to have ready parking at all times in order to minimize the time in takes to take the clients to inside the hospital to receive their required services. In cases of mass accidents or hazards the state or district normally has recommended hospitals in such cases because of some of these factors. 4. What probable effects would there be on market share, sales and profits if a competitor located nearby? a. If the competitors are providing the same service for example child pediatrics, dentistry plastic surgery and so on, it can be a negative impact. This is so because if a hospital is located in an area where other hospitals are all providing the same service that would mean a reduced market share for each hence a reduction in sales and profits. b. In cases where hospitals in the area are providing different services is can be an added advantage because of the proximity between supplier, customer and service provider. Some hospitals recommend other hospitals in case a customer needs another service that hospital doesn’t offer. In that way proximity is important for both the hospital in terms of maximizing sales but also for the customer in terms of reduced transport costs to go and receive that service. CONCLUSION. Location, location, location is a very important or if not the most important factor in the success or the failure of a business. The factors that will determine the success or failure of a business will depend on what kind of business, whether is profit or nonprofit business one wants to set up and the kind of service or product that business intends to provide. Some businesses require being located near the customer, for example fast food franchises while other donot even need to be located near the customer like communications service providers. For hospitals location is important depending on what kind of service they plan to offer and what target market is intended. Is it a charity hospital for low income earners or is it a profit hospital for high income earners. But the reputation of a hospital is also a very important factor for example ‘JOHN HOPKINS HOSPITAL’ where with such a high demand for their very high quality specialized medical services, they can afford to provide both charity services to low income earners and also exclusive services for high income earners. So in efficient location of a hospital they many factors to be examined but even more importunately the aim of the hospital.